Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Classification, Supportive Roles, and Risks of Misuse

Veterinary anti-inflammatory drugs are used in a range of situations to help control inflammation, reduce fever, or relieve pain in animals, depending on the species, product, and approved indication. These medicines generally play a supportive role in treatment and do not address the underlying cause of every disease.

Understanding their classification, indications, contraindications, and limits of use is important for reducing adverse effects, protecting animal welfare, and controlling veterinary drug residues in the food supply chain.

What Are Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and How Do They Differ From Antipyretics and Analgesics?

Definition and General Mechanisms of Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Veterinary anti-inflammatory drugs are pharmacological agents that suppress or reduce inflammatory responses in animals.

Inflammation is part of the body’s protective response to tissue injury, infection, or other harmful stimuli. However, when inflammation becomes excessive or prolonged, animals may experience pain, fever, reduced feed intake, limited mobility, and poorer welfare.

The mechanism of action varies among drug classes. Some medicines reduce prostaglandin synthesis, while corticosteroids act more broadly on multiple pathways involved in inflammation and immune responses.

As a result, effectiveness, adverse effects, contraindications, and authorized uses can differ substantially among anti-inflammatory drug classes.

Distinguishing Three Effects: Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic

These three effects often occur together in certain drug classes, but not always to the same degree:

• Anti-inflammatory: reduces tissue inflammation and associated clinical signs such as swelling, heat, and pain.
• Antipyretic: reduces elevated body temperature during fever by acting on thermoregulatory mechanisms and related mediators.
• Analgesic: reduces pain through peripheral or central mechanisms, depending on the active ingredient.

Certain veterinary NSAIDs provide anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects.

Medicines such as paracetamol may provide antipyretic and analgesic effects, but their peripheral anti-inflammatory activity is generally more limited than that of many NSAIDs.

Corticosteroids affect multiple inflammatory pathways, while glucocorticoids in particular can produce pronounced anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They should not be treated as routine fever-reducing medicines.

Distinguishing these effects helps veterinarians identify the appropriate treatment objective rather than selecting a medicine solely because an animal has fever or pain.

Why Can Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Not Replace Antibiotics or Vaccines?

Anti-inflammatory medicines do not treat the underlying cause of most infectious diseases.

When a bacterial disease requires antibiotic treatment, an antibiotic may form part of treatment directed at the cause, while an anti-inflammatory medicine may be used as supportive therapy to help control pain, fever, or inflammation when appropriate.

It should not be assumed that every bacterial infection requires antibiotics or that an anti-inflammatory drug should always be added to antibiotic treatment. Treatment decisions depend on the diagnosis, causative agent, disease severity, and professional veterinary assessment.

Vaccines serve a completely different purpose by providing proactive disease prevention. Anti-inflammatory medicines do not create protective immunity and cannot replace vaccination.

Classification of the Main Types of Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Veterinary NSAIDs: COX Inhibition, Indications, and Contraindications

NSAIDs, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are used in veterinary medicine for various conditions involving pain, inflammation, and fever, depending on the species and product.

These drugs reduce prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes.

Prostaglandins contribute to pain, fever, and inflammation, but certain prostaglandins also have physiological roles in protecting the gastrointestinal tract and maintaining renal function, particularly when renal perfusion is reduced.

Examples of NSAID active ingredients used in veterinary medicine include:

• Flunixin meglumine.
• Meloxicam.
• Ketoprofen.
• Carprofen.

The authorized species, indications, and regulatory status of each active ingredient vary by product and market.

Phenylbutazone is subject to strict restrictions in many markets and should not be treated as a general-purpose NSAID for food-producing animals.

Potential veterinary NSAID indications may include:

• Management of pain and inflammation following certain surgical procedures or injuries.
• Supportive control of fever, pain, or inflammatory responses in certain diseases.
• Management of pain and inflammation associated with certain musculoskeletal conditions or other indications stated on the specific product label.

Important contraindications and precautions may include:

• Particular caution or contraindication, depending on the product, in animals with renal disease, gastrointestinal disease, or a history of gastrointestinal ulceration.
• Dehydrated, hypovolemic, or hypotensive animals may have an increased risk of renal adverse effects with certain NSAIDs.
• Do not independently administer two NSAIDs at the same time.
• Do not independently combine an NSAID with a corticosteroid because this may substantially increase the risk of gastrointestinal injury and other adverse effects.
• Safety during pregnancy depends on the active ingredient, species, and product; the specific product label should be checked.
• Do not extend treatment beyond the recommended duration without veterinary reassessment.

Dose, route of administration, treatment duration, and withdrawal period should be obtained from the specific product label or veterinary prescription and should not be transferred between different NSAIDs.

Veterinary Corticosteroids: Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects, Immunosuppression, and Limits of Use

Corticosteroids are a broader class of steroid hormones and related medicines. Glucocorticoids, which are particularly relevant to anti-inflammatory therapy, affect multiple pathways involved in inflammatory responses and may also produce immunosuppressive effects.

Veterinary glucocorticoid active ingredients may include:

• Dexamethasone.
• Prednisolone.
• Betamethasone.
• Triamcinolone.

Corticosteroids should not be treated as a simple substitute when an NSAID does not produce the expected response.

Situations in which corticosteroid therapy may be appropriate include:

• Certain inflammatory, allergic, or immune-mediated diseases when a veterinarian determines that corticosteroid therapy is appropriate.
• As part of supportive treatment in selected severe allergic reactions.
• Specific inflammatory conditions requiring stronger anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects based on professional diagnosis.

In severe anaphylaxis, epinephrine is the primary emergency treatment. Corticosteroids may be used as supportive therapy in selected situations but do not replace epinephrine.

Corticosteroids are also not a routine treatment for encephalitis or meningitis. In infectious diseases of the central nervous system, glucocorticoids may be inappropriate. They may be considered by a veterinarian only in particular situations, such as certain immune-mediated inflammatory diseases or specific neurological complications.

Important limits of use include:

• Corticosteroids may suppress immune function, particularly when used at high doses or for prolonged periods, potentially increasing the risk of secondary infection or worsening certain existing infections.
• Do not independently administer corticosteroids when an uncontrolled systemic infection is suspected.
• Prolonged glucocorticoid use may suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, alter metabolism, contribute to muscle wasting, affect immune function, and cause other adverse effects depending on the species, dose, and duration.
• Systemic corticosteroids should not be abruptly discontinued after prolonged treatment without veterinary guidance; some cases may require gradual dose reduction according to a veterinarian’s plan.
• For food-producing animals, first confirm that the product is authorized for the relevant species and production group, then follow the withdrawal period stated on the specific product label.

Veterinary Antipyretics: Supportive Roles and Their Relationship With Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Certain medicines with antipyretic and analgesic effects in veterinary medicine may include paracetamol or metamizole, depending on the animal species, product, and regulatory status in the relevant market.

In general, paracetamol provides antipyretic and analgesic effects, while its peripheral anti-inflammatory action is more limited than that of many NSAIDs.

Antipyretics can provide supportive control of fever when appropriately indicated, but they do not replace diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of fever.

Important considerations include:

• A veterinarian may use antipyretic therapy as supportive treatment when an animal has fever and clinical assessment indicates that symptom control is appropriate.
• A medicine should not be administered simply to lower body temperature before the cause of the disease has been appropriately assessed.
• Following vaccination, antipyretic or analgesic medication should only be used when a reaction requires intervention and professional guidance supports its use; it should not be administered routinely as preventive medication.
• In animals that are dehydrated, hypovolemic, or hemodynamically unstable, fluid and circulatory status should be assessed before medicine selection, particularly when an NSAID is being considered.

Antipyretic treatment may reduce clinical signs but does not replace identification and treatment of the underlying cause of fever or inflammation.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is highly toxic and potentially fatal to cats and should not be administered to cats. Suspected exposure requires prompt veterinary attention.

Comparison of NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, and Antipyretics

Criterion	Veterinary NSAIDs	Corticosteroids	Antipyretics, such as paracetamol
Main mechanism	Reduce prostaglandin synthesis through COX inhibition	Act on multiple inflammatory and immune pathways	Primarily act centrally on pain and fever mechanisms; varies by active ingredient
Anti-inflammatory effect	Yes; degree varies by active ingredient	Strong; may also suppress immune function	Limited with paracetamol; depends on active ingredient
Antipyretic effect	Yes	May reduce fever through control of inflammation	Yes
Analgesic effect	Yes	Not a dedicated analgesic class; pain may decrease indirectly as inflammation is controlled	Yes, depending on active ingredient
Common uses	Control of pain, inflammation, and fever in certain diseases or procedures	Certain inflammatory, allergic, or immune-mediated conditions; may provide supportive therapy in selected severe allergic reactions	Supportive control of fever and pain when appropriate for the species, product, and indication
Major contraindication considerations	Product-specific; particular attention to gastrointestinal disease, renal disease, dehydration, or reduced perfusion	Uncontrolled infection, product-specific contraindications, and inappropriate prolonged use	Depends on active ingredient and species; paracetamol should not be given to cats
Risks of misuse	Gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, or other adverse effects depending on the active ingredient	Immunosuppression and metabolic/endocrine disturbances when used inappropriately	Depends on active ingredient, species, dose, and formulation
Residues in food products	Product-specific; follow the applicable withdrawal period	Product-specific; follow the applicable withdrawal period	Depends on active ingredient, formulation, species, and market; follow the applicable withdrawal period

Supportive Roles of Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Treatment

Combining Anti-Inflammatory Drugs With Antibiotics and Supportive Care

Anti-inflammatory medicines may play a supportive role in treatment protocols for livestock and poultry when appropriately indicated.

When disease is bacterial and a veterinarian determines that antibiotic treatment is required, the antibiotic may form part of treatment directed at the cause. An anti-inflammatory medicine may be used to support control of pain, fever, or inflammation.

It should not be assumed that every bacterial infection requires an antibiotic–anti-inflammatory combination.

Selection depends on:

• Diagnosis;
• Disease severity;
• Suspected or confirmed causative organism;
• Contraindications of the individual medicines;
• Overall condition of the animal.

Supportive care such as fluid and electrolyte replacement when appropriate, maintaining nutrition, improving the housing microclimate, and reducing stressors remains an important part of treatment.

Anti-inflammatory medicines cannot compensate for deficiencies in animal care or herd and flock management.

Supportive Control of Inflammation, Pain, and Fever in Common Livestock and Poultry Conditions

Veterinarians may use anti-inflammatory medicines as supportive therapy in certain clinical situations to control pain, fever, or excessive inflammation.

• Respiratory disease in pigs and cattle: NSAIDs may be used in certain cases to help manage fever, pain, or inflammation alongside treatment of the underlying cause when appropriate.
• Arthritis in livestock: treatment depends on the underlying cause. Analgesic or anti-inflammatory therapy should be selected according to the clinical condition and product contraindications; corticosteroids should not be selected simply because inflammation appears severe.
• Metritis and mastitis: anti-inflammatory treatment may be used to help control pain, fever, or inflammatory responses in selected cases, while treatment of the underlying cause should be determined separately.
• Fever or reactions after vaccination or transportation: the cause and severity of the reaction should first be assessed. Medicines should be used only when indicated and should not be administered routinely to prevent a reaction.
• Pain following surgery or other procedures: certain NSAIDs are approved for perioperative or post-procedural pain management depending on the animal species and product.

The active ingredient, dose, route of administration, and treatment duration should be based on the specific product label and veterinary assessment.

How Appropriate Inflammation Control May Affect Productivity and Animal Welfare

Pain, fever, and excessive inflammation may reduce feed intake, limit mobility, alter animal behavior, and compromise welfare.

Appropriate control of these clinical signs may improve animal comfort, support feed intake and recovery.

However, anti-inflammatory medicines should not be described as universally shortening treatment duration or improving productivity in every disease.

Outcomes depend on:

• Underlying cause;
• Severity of lesions or damage;
• Diagnosis;
• Treatment of the primary disease;
• Supportive care;
• Management conditions.

Risks of Misusing Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Gastrointestinal, Renal, and Hepatic Risks With Prolonged or Inappropriate NSAID Use

NSAIDs reduce prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase.

In addition to contributing to pain, fever, and inflammation, certain prostaglandins help maintain gastrointestinal mucosal protection and renal perfusion under particular conditions.

Inappropriate NSAID use may increase the risk of:

• Gastrointestinal ulceration, injury, or bleeding.
• Reduced renal function, particularly in animals that are dehydrated, hypovolemic, hypotensive, or have pre-existing renal disease.
• Administration-site reactions or other adverse effects depending on the product.
• Changes in liver enzymes with certain NSAIDs and, more rarely, hepatic injury; the risk depends on the active ingredient, dose, individual animal, and concurrent medications.

Do not independently combine two NSAIDs or administer an NSAID together with a corticosteroid because this may increase the risk of adverse effects.

Clinical signs of toxicity may be nonspecific, so animals should be monitored during treatment, especially when underlying disease or dehydration is present.

Immunosuppression and Increased Risk of Secondary Infection With Corticosteroid Misuse

Corticosteroids may suppress multiple components of immune function, particularly when used at high doses or for prolonged periods.

This may increase the risk of secondary infection or make certain existing infections more difficult to control.

Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure may also be associated with:

• Suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
• Changes in glucose and protein metabolism.
• Muscle wasting and changes in tissue distribution.
• Effects on immune function and tissue healing.
• Altered bone metabolism with prolonged use; the degree and clinical significance vary among animal species.
• Other adverse effects depending on active ingredient, species, dose, and treatment duration.

Do not independently stop corticosteroid therapy following a prolonged systemic treatment course. Dose reduction or discontinuation may need to follow a veterinarian-directed plan.

Veterinary Drug Residues in Meat, Milk, and Eggs and Their Food-Safety Implications

For food-producing animals, each authorized veterinary medicine may have its own withdrawal requirements for meat, milk, eggs, or other animal-derived products.

If an animal is slaughtered or a food product is collected before the required withdrawal period has been completed, residues of the medicine or designated marker residue may fail to comply with permitted regulatory limits.

Possible consequences include:

• Products failing to meet food-safety requirements or purchaser standards.
• Shipments being rejected, recalled, or otherwise handled under applicable regulations.
• Commercial losses and traceability problems for farms and businesses.

Residues above permitted limits make products non-compliant with food-safety requirements. The specific human-health risk depends on the active ingredient and level of exposure.

In Vietnam, maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in food are currently addressed under Circular No. 24/2013/TT-BYT of the Ministry of Health and other applicable regulations and technical standards currently in force.

An MRL and a withdrawal period are not the same concept.

Livestock producers should not calculate a withdrawal period directly from an MRL. The withdrawal period stated for the specific product authorized for the relevant species, route of administration, and treatment regimen should be followed.

If a product is not authorized for a particular production group or food product, a withdrawal period should not be independently inferred as a substitute for regulatory authorization.

Economic Impact: Higher Treatment Costs, Reduced Performance, and Difficulty Meeting Market Standards

Misuse of anti-inflammatory medicines may create additional costs and risks for farms:

• Drug costs may increase when medicines are used for excessive periods or without an appropriate indication.
• Adverse effects or failure to treat the underlying disease correctly may prolong recovery and reduce production efficiency.
• Products with non-compliant residues may be rejected or create additional testing and handling costs.
• Incomplete medication records may create difficulties for traceability and farm-management or certification programs.

Effects on growth rate, feed-conversion efficiency, reproduction, or overall productivity depend on herd or flock health, disease, medicines used, and management conditions. They should not be presented as inevitable consequences of every use of anti-inflammatory medicines.

Medication records may also be relevant to good agricultural practice and certification programs such as VietGAP or GLOBALG.A.P., depending on the scope and version of the applicable standard.

Principles for the Safe Use of Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Before Treatment: Clinical Examination, Diagnosis, and Defining the Treatment Objective

Before an anti-inflammatory medicine is administered, important factors should be assessed:

1. Perform a clinical examination and assess disease severity, fever, pain, inflammation, and accompanying clinical signs.
2. Identify or investigate the likely underlying cause when possible, such as infection, injury, immune-mediated disease, metabolic disorder, or another condition.
3. Assess fluid and circulatory status, particularly in animals that are dehydrated, hypovolemic, or hypotensive.
4. Check for underlying conditions such as renal disease, hepatic disease, gastrointestinal injury, or other relevant contraindications.
5. Define the treatment objective: pain control, fever reduction, inflammation control, or another appropriate goal.
6. Review other medicines currently being administered to avoid potentially harmful combinations such as two NSAIDs or an NSAID with a corticosteroid.

Anti-inflammatory medicines should not be used empirically or independently based only on fever or pain without assessing the broader clinical situation.

Appropriate Indication, Dose, Duration, and Withdrawal-Period Compliance

Three core principles for using veterinary anti-inflammatory medicines are:

• Appropriate indication: use only when the medicine is appropriate for the animal species, clinical condition, treatment objective, and product label.
• Appropriate dose: follow the dose and dosing regimen on the specific product label or veterinary prescription. Do not independently increase or decrease the dose based on the perceived severity of disease or response after only a few hours.
• Appropriate duration: do not independently extend, shorten, or discontinue treatment outside the recommended instructions.

For prolonged systemic corticosteroid treatment, discontinuation may require gradual dose reduction to reduce complications associated with suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Any tapering plan should be determined by a veterinarian.

Compliance with the applicable withdrawal period is essential for food-producing animals.

Withdrawal periods vary according to:

• Active ingredient;
• Product;
• Route of administration;
• Animal species;
• Food product such as meat, milk, or eggs.

The withdrawal period of one product should not be applied to another.

Medication Records and Veterinary Review When a Treatment Plan Needs Adjustment

Maintaining medication-use records can help farms:

• Monitor treatment response and adverse effects.
• Avoid unnecessary repetition or prolonged use.
• Provide useful information when a veterinarian reassesses a case.
• Manage withdrawal periods and support traceability.
• Meet internal procedures, purchaser requirements, or certification standards where applicable.

Records should include:

• Product;
• Active ingredient;
• Treated herd, flock, group, or individual animal;
• Treatment dates;
• Date of the final administration;
• Applicable withdrawal period.

If animals do not respond as expected, develop adverse reactions, require prolonged treatment, or are receiving several medicines, the treatment regimen should not be independently modified without veterinary reassessment.

Frequently Asked Questions About Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

An Animal Has a High Fever but the Cause Is Unknown. Should an Anti-Inflammatory Drug Be Given Immediately?

An anti-inflammatory medicine should not be independently administered before the underlying condition has been appropriately assessed.

Fever is a clinical sign that may occur in many different diseases. Reducing fever may provide supportive benefit in certain situations, but it does not replace diagnosis.

If an animal has high fever together with:

• Loss of appetite;
• Dehydration;
• Respiratory difficulty;
• Altered consciousness; or
• Other severe systemic clinical signs,

veterinary assessment should be obtained promptly.

When necessary, a veterinarian may begin supportive treatment while diagnostic evaluation is continuing rather than delaying all intervention until a final diagnosis has been reached.

Is Long-Term Veterinary NSAID Use Safe in Dairy Cattle?

Long-term NSAID administration should not be assumed to be safe in dairy cattle.

Suitability depends on:

• Active ingredient;
• Product;
• Indication;
• Condition of the animal.

Prolonged or inappropriate use may increase the risk of gastrointestinal, renal, or other adverse effects depending on the medicine.

For cattle producing milk for human consumption, first confirm that the specific product is authorized for this production group and follow the applicable withdrawal period or milk discard period stated on the label.

Treatment should not be extended beyond the authorized or prescribed duration without veterinary assessment.

Can Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reduce Growth Performance or Reproductive Performance?

It cannot be stated generally that appropriately used anti-inflammatory medicines will reduce growth or reproductive performance.

Effects depend on:

• Active ingredient;
• Dose;
• Treatment duration;
• Animal species;
• Underlying disease;
• Overall health status.

Prolonged corticosteroid use or inappropriate anti-inflammatory treatment may cause metabolic, endocrine, or other adverse effects that can indirectly affect production performance.

Conversely, appropriate control of pain and inflammation may improve animal welfare and support recovery.

Is Compliance With the Withdrawal Period Mandatory Before Animals Are Marketed?

Yes. When a veterinary medicine has a withdrawal-period requirement, the withdrawal period of the specific product must be completed before the animal or animal-derived products enter the food supply chain.

The active ingredient name alone is not sufficient because withdrawal periods may vary among:

• Formulations;
• Routes of administration;
• Specific products.

In Vietnam, maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in food are addressed under Circular No. 24/2013/TT-BYT of the Ministry of Health and other applicable regulations currently in force.

MRLs should not be used to independently calculate a withdrawal period. Livestock producers should follow the specific product label and package information.

Can Livestock Producers Independently Combine Several Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Same Herd or Flock?

They should not do so independently.

Concurrent use of two NSAIDs may increase the risk of gastrointestinal, renal, and other adverse effects without necessarily providing a proportional improvement in treatment effectiveness.

Combining an NSAID with a corticosteroid may also substantially increase the risk of gastrointestinal injury and other adverse effects.

If treatment needs to be changed from:

• One NSAID to another; or
• An NSAID to a corticosteroid,

the appropriate interval and transition strategy depend on the individual medicines and clinical circumstances.

Any combination or transition between these medicines should be assessed and monitored by a veterinarian.

Using Veterinary Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Their Appropriate Supportive Role at VIETSTOCK 2026

Veterinary anti-inflammatory medicines can be valuable for controlling inflammation, fever, and pain, but they primarily play a supportive role in treatment. They cannot replace diagnosis of the underlying cause, antibiotics when indicated for bacterial infections, or vaccination for disease prevention.

For NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and antipyretic–analgesic medicines, major risks often arise from prolonged use, inappropriate combinations, insufficient monitoring of gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic risks, and failure to comply with withdrawal requirements before livestock products are marketed.

At VIETSTOCK 2026, these issues can be connected with practical farm-management needs such as timely symptom control, reducing medicine misuse and unnecessary use, maintaining treatment histories, and supporting food safety across meat, milk, and egg supply chains.

The event is expected to bring together more than 300 brands, over 10,000 sqm of exhibition area, and 13,000 trade visitors from more than 40 countries and territories.

At the event, attendees can explore solutions that support inflammation control, herd health monitoring, and safer use of veterinary medicines, including:

• Veterinary medicines and supportive-treatment products: learn about products used to control inflammation, fever, and pain and important considerations when they are incorporated into treatment protocols.
• Herd and flock health management: explore solutions for monitoring clinical signs, treatment response, and recovery after disease, surgery, or transportation stress.
• Residue control: learn about recording treatment dates, the date of the final administration, treated animals, applicable withdrawal periods, and the earliest appropriate marketing date.
• Safe medicine use on farms: explore practices that help limit unnecessarily prolonged treatment, avoid inappropriate combinations of anti-inflammatory medicines, and reduce adverse-effect risks.
• Disease prevention and supportive care: connect with vaccination, nutrition, electrolyte support, livestock housing and environmental management, and biosecurity solutions that may reduce reliance on symptomatic treatment.

The VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows in Bac Ninh, Dong Thap and Ho Chi Minh City continue to bring practical knowledge and solutions to key livestock-producing regions. The 2026 programme focuses on topics such as farm management, disease control, animal nutrition, herd health management, technology applications, and sustainable livestock development.

Date: 21–23 October 2026
Venue: Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Event website:
VIETSTOCK 2026 English website

👉 Visitor registration for VIETSTOCK 2026

👉 Learn more about the VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows

Contact information:

Exhibiting: Ms. Sophie Nguyen – [email protected]
Visitor Support: Ms. Phuong – [email protected]
Marcom Support: Ms. Anita Pham – [email protected]