{"id":20845,"date":"2026-10-13T17:16:18","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T10:16:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=20845"},"modified":"2026-10-13T13:20:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T06:20:10","slug":"streptomycin-veterinary-medicine-uses-toxicity-resistance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/streptomycin-veterinary-medicine-uses-toxicity-resistance\/","title":{"rendered":"Streptomycin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Limitations, and Antimicrobial Resistance Risks"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Streptomycin in veterinary medicine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with bactericidal activity against certain susceptible bacteria, mainly some aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, streptomycin is not an antibiotic that can be broadly used for every bacterial infection. Before selecting it, several factors should be considered together:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the suspected pathogen falls within the spectrum of activity of streptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the product actually contains streptomycin, streptomycin sulfate, dihydrostreptomycin, or a combination formulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the animal has factors that increase the risk of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the medicine is permitted for the relevant animal species and the type of animal product being produced.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inappropriate use may not only reduce treatment effectiveness but also increase the risks of antimicrobial resistance, toxicity, and drug residues in animal-derived food products.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Before Using Streptomycin, Check These 4 Issues in Order<\/b><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Pathogen<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the disease likely to be caused by bacteria within the spectrum that streptomycin can act against?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Product<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the product streptomycin, streptomycin sulfate, dihydrostreptomycin, or a combination product?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Animal safety<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the animal dehydrated, affected by kidney disease, or receiving other medicines with nephrotoxic or ototoxic potential?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><b> Food chain<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the product approved for the relevant species, lactating dairy cattle, or laying poultry? What withdrawal period applies?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>If treatment does not work<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reassess the diagnosis and bacterial susceptibility rather than independently increasing the dose, extending treatment, or switching medicines.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. First Checkpoint: Is the Pathogen Actually Appropriate for Streptomycin?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20833\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20833\" style=\"width: 903px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20833\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1306738848-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory technician examining a medicine tablet with a magnifying glass during antibiotic evaluation\" width=\"913\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1306738848-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1306738848-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 913px) 100vw, 913px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity mainly against certain susceptible aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, so treatment decisions should consider the suspected pathogen and its antimicrobial susceptibility.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin belongs to the <\/span><b>aminoglycoside<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> class and has a relatively narrow spectrum compared with some other antibiotics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its activity is mainly directed against certain susceptible aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some strains within groups such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pasteurella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escherichia coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salmonella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may be susceptible to streptomycin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, effectiveness cannot be determined from the bacterial name alone. Susceptibility may vary among species and strains.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How does streptomycin work?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin binds to the <\/span><b>30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, disrupting protein synthesis and causing errors during translation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When this process is disrupted, susceptible bacteria may be damaged and killed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin is therefore classified as a <\/span><b>bactericidal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> antibiotic.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why is activity limited in low-oxygen environments?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To exert its antibacterial effect, aminoglycosides need to enter bacterial cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This uptake process depends in part on oxygen-dependent metabolic activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin therefore has limited activity against <\/span><b>obligate anaerobic bacteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This illustrates why a bactericidal antibiotic is not necessarily appropriate for every type of bacterial infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Is streptomycin effective against Mycoplasma?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some studies may report aminoglycoside activity against certain <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mycoplasma<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> strains under laboratory conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Laboratory activity does not mean that streptomycin is an appropriate clinical treatment for every Mycoplasma infection.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use should be based on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility of the pathogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product indications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Which diseases cannot be treated with streptomycin?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin does not directly treat diseases caused by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fungi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parasites.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical signs such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are therefore not sufficient on their own to justify streptomycin use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>2. For Which Groups of Diseases May Streptomycin Be Considered?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin may be used for certain bacterial infections when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pathogen remains susceptible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An appropriate product is available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The animal species is included in the indications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disease falls within the product\u2019s approved scope of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Respiratory bacterial infections<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some products may be indicated for respiratory diseases caused by susceptible bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, respiratory signs may also be associated with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mycoplasma.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dust.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple pathogens occurring at the same time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin should therefore not be selected solely because an animal is coughing or having difficulty breathing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Gastrointestinal bacterial infections<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain gastrointestinal infections involving susceptible Gram-negative bacteria may fall within the indications of some products.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, diarrhea may also result from:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parasites.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drinking water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestive disorders.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use should therefore be based on the underlying cause and the specific product.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Species-specific scope of use<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before using a product, confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physiological stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approved disease or pathogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contraindications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A product intended for cattle should not automatically be assumed suitable for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pigs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poultry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other species.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular attention is required for <\/span><b>commercial lactating dairy cattle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>laying poultry producing eggs for human consumption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as label restrictions must be checked carefully.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>3. Second Checkpoint: Are You Referring to the Correct Active Ingredient and Product?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20835\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20835\" style=\"width: 915px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20835\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1309498799-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinary professional examining a medicine container with a magnifying glass before use\" width=\"925\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1309498799-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1309498799-612x612-1-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 925px) 100vw, 925px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before using streptomycin, distinguish between streptomycin, streptomycin sulfate, dihydrostreptomycin, and combination products because their concentrations, indications, administration routes, and withdrawal periods may differ.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicine labels may use terms such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin sulfate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dihydrostreptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These terms should not be treated as completely interchangeable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What is streptomycin sulfate?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Streptomycin sulfate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the sulfate salt form of streptomycin used in certain formulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When reading the label, check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How the concentration is expressed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the amount refers to the salt or an equivalent amount of active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage should not be inferred from the active ingredient name alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Dihydrostreptomycin is not simply another name for streptomycin<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Dihydrostreptomycin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is structurally related to streptomycin but is not merely another name for the same active ingredient or product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The two may differ in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use characteristics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Residue information.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for a streptomycin product should not be applied to a dihydrostreptomycin product.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Be careful with combination products<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some products combine streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin with another antibiotic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In these cases, the medicine must be used according to the <\/span><b>instructions for the specific combination product<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, rather than building a treatment protocol from the indications of each individual active ingredient.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>4. Third Checkpoint: Is the Animal at Increased Risk of Toxicity?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is one of the most important considerations when using streptomycin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin carries risks of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nephrotoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ototoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The level of risk is not the same for every animal.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Risk of nephrotoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aminoglycosides are eliminated primarily through the kidneys.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the drug may accumulate in renal tubular cells and cause injury under unfavorable conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk may increase when animals:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are dehydrated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have reduced circulating blood volume.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have kidney disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have impaired renal function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have severe infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receive prolonged or inappropriate treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receive other medicines that may affect the kidneys.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is therefore not enough to consider only whether the bacteria are susceptible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The animal\u2019s overall clinical condition is also part of the treatment decision.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why is dehydration an important concern?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor circulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may also be at increased risk of impaired kidney function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In these situations, the veterinarian should assess the animal\u2019s overall condition before choosing and administering an aminoglycoside.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Risk of ototoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin and other aminoglycosides may affect the:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Auditory system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vestibular system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible abnormalities may involve:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hearing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coordination.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some injuries may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persist.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not fully recover.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The level of risk depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Method of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duration of treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall health status.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Use caution when combining medicines<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the animal is already receiving another medicine with potential:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nephrotoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ototoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">combining the products may increase the risk of adverse effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin should not be mixed with other antibiotics or medicines simply in an attempt to \u201cincrease effectiveness.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combination treatment should be based on professional assessment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>5. Fourth Checkpoint: Is the Use Compliant with Regulations and Food-Chain Requirements?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20837\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20837\" style=\"width: 991px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20837\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-486645564-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory worker recording medicine information while reviewing pharmaceutical products and samples\" width=\"1001\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-486645564-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-486645564-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1001px) 100vw, 1001px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In food-producing animals, streptomycin use requires attention to approved use, animal species, residues, withdrawal periods, and the type of animal product entering the food chain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For food-producing animals, antibiotic selection involves more than treatment alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management must also consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal scope of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Purpose of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal products being harvested.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Residues.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Treatment, disease control, and disease prevention are not the same<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Treatment<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use of antibiotics in animals that have already developed a bacterial infection requiring treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Disease control within a herd or flock<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May involve treating groups of animals at high risk once disease has appeared within the population, subject to professional assessment and applicable regulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Disease prevention<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use of antibiotics to prevent disease before it occurs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These three purposes are not subject to identical conditions of use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Antibiotics used for disease prevention in animal feed<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the source content, Vietnam has implemented a phased restriction on the use of antibiotics for disease prevention in animal feed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The article refers to <\/span><b>Article 12 of Decree No. 13\/2020\/ND-CP and its amendments and supplements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with phase-out dates for different antibiotic groups and a final deadline of <\/span><b>December 31, 2025<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From 2026 onward, livestock facilities therefore need to pay particular attention to current regulations governing the preventive use of antibiotics in feed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This should be distinguished from the use of veterinary medicines for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease control.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where appropriately indicated and compliant with applicable legal requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>6. Treatment Failure Does Not Necessarily Mean Streptomycin Resistance<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When an animal does not improve as expected, a common reaction may be to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Switch medicines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extend the treatment course.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, these actions do not appropriately identify the underlying problem.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Factors that should be reassessed<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment may fail because:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The initial diagnosis was incorrect<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disease may not involve bacteria appropriately targeted by streptomycin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The pathogen is not susceptible<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The bacteria may fall outside the drug\u2019s spectrum or may have developed resistance mechanisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The product is inappropriate<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There may be confusion regarding:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>A co-infection is present<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The animal may have multiple health problems at the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Environmental risk factors remain unresolved<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High stocking density.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor drinking-water quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may contribute to persistent or recurrent disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Lack of response does not automatically mean resistance<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin resistance is one possibility, but it is not the only explanation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When appropriate, a veterinarian may recommend:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample collection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identification of the bacterium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antimicrobial susceptibility testing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently increase the dose, change antibiotics, or extend treatment solely because the animal has not improved.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>7. How Does Streptomycin Resistance Develop?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin resistance occurs when <\/span><b>bacteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> acquire or possess the ability to withstand the drug\u2019s effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not a situation in which \u201cthe animal\u2019s body becomes accustomed to the medicine.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Some mechanisms of resistance<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alter the target structure on the ribosome.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produce enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce uptake of the medicine into the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carry or acquire antimicrobial resistance genes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Why does inappropriate use increase the risk?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within a bacterial population:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptible bacteria may be killed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resistant bacteria gain a survival advantage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resistant populations may continue to grow.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inappropriate antibiotic use increases this selection pressure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Practices to avoid include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using antibiotics without an appropriate indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeating an old treatment protocol for a new disease episode without reassessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Independently increasing or reducing the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending treatment without guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combining medicines without professional advice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using antibiotics as a substitute for hygiene and disease prevention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antimicrobial resistance management therefore needs to occur at herd, flock, and farm level, not only in individual animals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>8. How Should Streptomycin Residues and Withdrawal Periods Be Managed?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20839\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20839\" style=\"width: 833px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20839\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-2008302637-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Medicine tablets placed on a calendar to illustrate antibiotic withdrawal periods\" width=\"843\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-2008302637-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-2008302637-612x612-1-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 843px) 100vw, 843px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">There is no single withdrawal period for all streptomycin products; the required interval depends on the species, formulation, route of administration, treatment regimen, and type of animal-derived food product.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic residues are an important issue in food-producing livestock.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After treatment, streptomycin may remain in certain tissues for a period of time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For aminoglycosides, <\/span><b>kidney tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is particularly important because of the drug\u2019s accumulation and elimination characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What is an MRL?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>MRL \u2013 Maximum Residue Limit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the maximum permitted level of a veterinary drug residue in a particular food product under the applicable regulation or standard.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MRLs may vary according to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue type.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eggs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Destination market.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For exports in particular, requirements may differ among markets.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What is a withdrawal period?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A withdrawal period is the minimum period that must be observed after the <\/span><b>last administration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Slaughter.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal products are harvested for human consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Products enter the commercial food chain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>There is no single withdrawal period for all streptomycin products<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The required withdrawal period depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment regimen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Type of food product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Registration and approved instructions for the specific product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The withdrawal period for one product must not be applied to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is particularly important when distinguishing between:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin sulfate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dihydrostreptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combination products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>What if the label does not permit use in dairy cattle or laying hens?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a product states that it must not be used in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cattle producing milk for human consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poultry producing eggs for human consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that restriction must be followed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A withdrawal period should not be invented to \u201ccompensate\u201d for use in an animal category for which the product is not permitted.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How to determine when the withdrawal period ends<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Step 1: Identify the exact product<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Step 2: Confirm the species and animal product<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eggs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Step 3: Check the withdrawal period<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read the information for the exact product and its approved conditions of use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 4: Record the last dose<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The date and time of the final administration are important reference points.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 5: Determine the end date<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals or animal products should enter the food chain only after meeting:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conditions of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relevant legal requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If suitable information is unavailable or the medicine was used differently from the approved directions, do not guess the withdrawal period.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>9. Key Principles to Remember When Using Streptomycin<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><b>Do not use the medicine based on symptoms alone<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing, fever, or diarrhea does not identify the underlying cause.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Confirm the exact active ingredient<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distinguish between:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin sulfate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dihydrostreptomycin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combination products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Assess toxicity risks<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pay particular attention to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concurrent medications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal movement or balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Do not independently change the treatment protocol<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extend treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Add another antibiotic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Change the route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Monitor treatment response<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Observe:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed and water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Progression of clinical signs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adverse reactions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Keep complete records<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Records should include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Batch number.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treated animal or group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Date of use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time of the last dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Do not automatically reuse an old treatment protocol<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A new disease episode should be reassessed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar clinical signs do not necessarily mean the same causative agent or the same antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Frequently Asked Questions About Veterinary Streptomycin<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20841\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20841\" style=\"width: 829px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20841\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-487440196-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Stethoscope and the word Streptomycin illustrating frequently asked questions about veterinary antibiotic use\" width=\"839\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-487440196-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-487440196-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 839px) 100vw, 839px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20841\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Streptomycin may be used for certain infections caused by susceptible bacteria when the product is approved for the species and indication; clinical signs alone are not sufficient to justify its use.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>What diseases is streptomycin used to treat in animals?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin may be used for certain bacterial infections caused by susceptible bacteria when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An approved product is available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The species is included in the indications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disease falls within the product\u2019s approved scope.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The medicine should not be used solely on the basis of clinical signs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Is streptomycin effective against Mycoplasma?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility may vary among <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mycoplasma<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> species and strains.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory data alone are not sufficient to conclude that streptomycin is appropriate for every Mycoplasma infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assessment should consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product indications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Are streptomycin sulfate and dihydrostreptomycin the same?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not exactly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin sulfate is a salt form of streptomycin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dihydrostreptomycin is a structurally related but different active ingredient.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for one product should not be applied to the other.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can streptomycin cause nephrotoxicity?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class and can cause nephrotoxicity, particularly when animals:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are dehydrated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have kidney disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have impaired renal function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receive the medicine inappropriately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receive other medicines with nephrotoxic potential.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Can streptomycin cause ototoxicity?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin and other aminoglycosides may affect the auditory or vestibular system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible signs may involve:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coordination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hearing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If abnormalities occur during treatment, a veterinarian should be contacted.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can streptomycin be used for disease prevention?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptomycin should not be routinely used for disease prevention without appropriate justification.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the source content, Vietnam implemented a phased end to the use of antibiotics for disease prevention in animal feed, with the final deadline of <\/span><b>December 31, 2025<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From 2026 onward, antibiotic use should comply with current regulations and appropriate professional guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why might animals fail to recover after streptomycin treatment?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible reasons include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An inappropriate pathogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antimicrobial resistance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inappropriate use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co-infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental factors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dose should not be increased and the medicine should not be changed solely because treatment has not produced the expected result.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What is the withdrawal period for streptomycin?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no single withdrawal period applicable to every product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the exact:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Type of animal product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approved instructions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Beyond Antimicrobial Resistance: Managing Streptomycin Toxicity and Residues at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With streptomycin, treatment decisions involve more than determining whether the bacteria remain susceptible. Because streptomycin is an aminoglycoside, farms must also consider <\/span><b>the risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, as well as dehydration or kidney disease in the animal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while managing residues and withdrawal periods before animal products enter the food chain. Streptomycin should therefore be evaluated across the entire process, from diagnosis and product selection to post-treatment monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, livestock producers and veterinary professionals can explore solutions that support better management before, during, and after antibiotic use. The event is expected to welcome around <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors from 40 countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with <\/span><b>300 brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> represented across <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, giving participants access to a broad range of veterinary, animal-health, and livestock-management solutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For facilities that continue to use streptomycin or other aminoglycosides, areas worth exploring include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility assessment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> identify when streptomycin remains an appropriate option rather than continuing to rely on past treatment experience.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Veterinary medicines and product information:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> compare active ingredients, dosage forms, routes of administration, target animal species, and safety warnings for different products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Health monitoring during treatment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explore solutions that support early detection of abnormal changes in animals, particularly those at higher risk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Residue management and treatment records:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> review tools that help record the last dose, withdrawal period, and other information required for traceability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Disease prevention instead of reliance on antibiotics:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explore vaccination, hygiene, biosecurity, and herd or flock management solutions that can reduce the frequency of antibiotic use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another important program is the <\/span><b>One Health Forum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on <\/span><b>October 22, 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, featuring content. For a long-established active ingredient such as streptomycin, this provides an opportunity to move beyond the question of whether \u201cthe drug still works\u201d and instead consider how to reduce antimicrobial pressure and manage resistance risks at herd, flock, farm, and environmental levels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> October 21\u201323, 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center \u2013 SECC, 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Event website:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIETSTOCK 2026<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ers-vn.informa-info.com\/vs26\"> <b>Register to Visit VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/uncategorized\/vietstock-2026-pre-registration-is-now-open-connect-with-the-future-of-livestock-production-and-animal-health\/\"> <b>Visitor Registration Information<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-news-en\/one-health-forum-at-vietstock-2026-advancing-sustainable-livestock-development\/\"> <b>Learn More About the One Health Forum<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-shaping-the-future-of-the-livestock-industry-through-innovation-green-transition-and-competitiveness-enhancement\/\"> <b>Explore Innovation, Green Transition and Competitiveness at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact information:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Group Delegation Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.c@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine against certain susceptible bacterial infections. Learn about its uses, limitations, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity risks, antimicrobial resistance, residues, and withdrawal-period requirements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20846,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Streptomycin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Toxicity &amp; Resistance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how streptomycin is used in veterinary medicine, including its antibacterial activity, toxicity risks, resistance, residues, and withdrawal periods.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Streptomycin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Toxicity &amp; Resistance\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how streptomycin is used in veterinary medicine, including its antibacterial activity, toxicity risks, resistance, residues, and withdrawal periods.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Vietstock Expo and Forum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-13T10:16:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-13T06:20:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/veterinary-streptomycin-toxicity-resistance.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"15 minutes\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/\",\"name\":\"Vietstock Expo and Forum\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/veterinary-streptomycin-toxicity-resistance.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":675,\"caption\":\"Streptomycin use in veterinary medicine requires consideration of bacterial susceptibility, the exact product, animal health, toxicity risks, and withdrawal-period requirements.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\",\"name\":\"Streptomycin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Toxicity & Resistance\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-13T10:16:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-13T06:20:10+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#\/schema\/person\/caaf897414eac1b9f130df4ddb9e34d6\"},\"description\":\"Learn how streptomycin is used in veterinary medicine, including its antibacterial activity, toxicity risks, resistance, residues, and withdrawal periods.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Trang ch\\u1ee7\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/tin-nganh\/streptomycin-trong-thu-y-cong-dung-doc-tinh-khang-thuoc\/\",\"name\":\"Streptomycin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Limitations, and Antimicrobial Resistance Risks\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#\/schema\/person\/caaf897414eac1b9f130df4ddb9e34d6\",\"name\":\"vietwatercc\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1f8963694a555b77c6f4e61284c4fadb?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"vietwatercc\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20845"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20845"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20845\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20849,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20845\/revisions\/20849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}