{"id":20536,"date":"2026-10-11T09:58:41","date_gmt":"2026-10-11T02:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=20536"},"modified":"2026-10-09T19:03:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T12:03:33","slug":"cold-weather-care-cattle-buffalo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/cold-weather-care-cattle-buffalo\/","title":{"rendered":"Cold-Weather Care for Cattle and Buffalo: Warmth, Nutrition, and Respiratory-Disease Prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold-weather management for cattle and buffalo should not be based on a single fixed temperature threshold.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ability of animals to tolerate cold conditions also depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hair-coat condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acclimatisation to weather conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Access to feed and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In particular, <\/span><b>cold rain and strong winds can greatly accelerate heat loss when the hair coat becomes wet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, even when air temperature itself is not extremely low.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective cold-weather management therefore requires a combination of:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>appropriate shelter \u2192 dry flooring and bedding \u2192 adequate ventilation \u2192 sufficient energy and water \u2192 priority protection for high-risk animals \u2192 early monitoring for respiratory signs.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young calves and buffalo calves, thin animals, animals that are sick or recovering, high-producing dairy cows, and cows in late pregnancy require particular attention during prolonged cold spells.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Cold-weather cattle and buffalo care: priorities by situation<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Situation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Management priority<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold but dry weather with little wind<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor body condition and ensure adequate feed, water, and a dry resting area<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold conditions with wind, rain, or a wet hair coat<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase protection from the weather, move animals to a dry area, and limit grazing<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young calves, buffalo calves, thin animals, or sick animals<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prioritise dry bedding, protection from wind, and closer monitoring of feed and water intake<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature around 13\u201315\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limit prolonged grazing, particularly in the early morning and late afternoon or evening<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Around 12\u00b0C or below, particularly with adverse weather<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not graze cattle or buffalo or use them for outdoor work<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing, nasal discharge, or reduced feed intake in the herd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check ventilation, humidity, ammonia, and the overall clinical picture; do not use antibiotics simply because the weather is cold<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboured breathing, marked loss of appetite, reduced suckling in young animals, or multiple animals affected<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seek early veterinary assessment rather than waiting several days<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>The most important point is not to manage cold weather using the thermometer alone.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wind, rain, wet flooring, a wet hair coat, body condition, and access to feed and water can make the same air temperature very different for different herds.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. When do cattle and buffalo actually experience cold stress?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20524\" style=\"width: 919px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1128528747-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle housed in a covered barn during cold weather\" width=\"929\" height=\"619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1128528747-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1128528747-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 929px) 100vw, 929px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cold stress in cattle and buffalo depends not only on air temperature but also on wind, rain, humidity, coat condition, body condition, nutrition, and overall health.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold stress occurs when an animal must increase heat production to maintain body temperature under adverse environmental conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no single temperature at which every cow or buffalo begins to experience cold stress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold tolerance varies according to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hair coat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the coat is dry or wet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Health status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acclimatisation to the weather.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Lower critical temperature \u2013 LCT<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The concept of <\/span><b>lower critical temperature (LCT)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> describes the environmental temperature below which an animal needs to increase heat production to maintain normal body temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, LCT is not a fixed value for every animal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A cow with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A thick hair coat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A dry coat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequate feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may tolerate cold conditions considerably better than an animal that is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sick.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underfed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exposed to wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In practice, it is therefore more useful to consider <\/span><b>effective temperature and the overall environmental conditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rather than air temperature alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Do buffalo tolerate cold better than cattle?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This should not be assumed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold tolerance in buffalo also depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housing conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of acclimatisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water buffalo have a relatively sparse hair coat and can still be significantly affected by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet flooring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged cold conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk is higher in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young buffalo calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Older buffalo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thin animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sick animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals that are not acclimatised to cold weather.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buffalo therefore still require:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A dry resting area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequate feed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Health monitoring.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>2. Which animals should be prioritised for protection?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not every animal in the herd has the same level of risk.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Young calves and buffalo calves<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is one of the most vulnerable groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young calves have:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Less developed thermoregulatory capacity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A larger surface-area-to-body-mass ratio.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited energy reserves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lower tolerance of adverse environmental conditions than mature animals.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the first weeks of life, particular attention should be paid to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep, dry bedding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from direct draughts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequate colostrum intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufficient milk or milk replacer according to the feeding programme.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring suckling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring diarrhoea and respiratory disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Thin animals or animals in poor body condition<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals with a low <\/span><b>body condition score (BCS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> generally have:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower energy reserves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced cold tolerance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greater risk of further body-condition loss if dietary energy is inadequate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grouping animals appropriately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducing feed competition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing better resting areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improving access to the ration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Sick or recovering animals<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cattle or buffalo recovering from:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pneumonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhoea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may tolerate cold less effectively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For these animals, warming and environmental protection are supportive measures only; the underlying disease must still be addressed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>High-producing dairy cows<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main issue is not that high-producing dairy cows are always less cold-tolerant than beef cattle, but that their energy requirements are already high.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their ration must support:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional energy demand under cold conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If dietary supply is inadequate, cows may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lose body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produce less milk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experience greater metabolic pressure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Cows in late pregnancy<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional attention is warranted because:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrient requirements increase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foetal growth is rapid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calving is approaching.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet or slippery flooring may increase injury risk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre-calving areas should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected from direct wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Easily accessible to feed and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>3. Cold-weather housing: protect animals from draughts without sealing the building completely<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20526\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20526\" style=\"width: 922px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20526\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-503558146-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle inside a sheltered and ventilated livestock barn\" width=\"932\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-503558146-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-503558146-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20526\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cold-weather housing should reduce direct draughts while maintaining adequate ventilation to prevent excessive humidity, ammonia accumulation, and poor air quality.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most common mistakes in cold weather is closing the housing completely in an attempt to \u201ckeep the heat in.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can worsen air quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Reduce direct draughts<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gaps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevailing wind direction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side walls.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Areas that regularly receive cold airflow.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suitable windbreak materials may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tarpaulins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woven mats.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plastic sheeting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other appropriate barriers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective is to reduce direct cold airflow across areas where animals stand or lie.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Maintain adequate ventilation<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An excessively enclosed building may lead to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia accumulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher CO\u2082 levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poorer air quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A useful principle is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Reduce draughts at animal level while maintaining air exchange above the animals or through appropriately positioned ventilation openings.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventilation does not mean allowing cold air to blow directly across the herd.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Prevent rain penetration and keep flooring dry<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housing should:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have a leak-free roof.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent rain from reaching resting areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have appropriate drainage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A wet hair coat greatly reduces insulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flooring should also be managed to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remove manure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drain water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce mud.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replace or top up bedding when damp.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals lying on cold, wet flooring may lose heat rapidly even when ambient air temperature is not extremely low.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Bedding materials<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the housing system, suitable materials may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry straw.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rice husks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate sawdust.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suitable bedding materials.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other specialised bedding products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no single best bedding material for every farm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The key requirements are that bedding is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-injurious.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replaced or replenished when damp.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Are coats or blankets necessary?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They may be considered for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young calves and buffalo calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thin animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sick animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals that are not acclimatised to cold weather.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine blanketing is not necessary for every healthy adult animal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any coat or blanket used should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Properly fitted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not restrictive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Checked regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is an additional measure, not a substitute for appropriate housing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should fires be lit inside the housing?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Open fires should not be used inside enclosed livestock housing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risks include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smoke.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon monoxide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If heating equipment is used:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Install it correctly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain safe clearance from flammable materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check electrical systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid placing equipment too close to animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continue to provide ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>4. When should grazing be limited or stopped?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decisions should not be based on temperature alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also assess:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Availability of shelter on pasture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Condition of the animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under practical cold-weather guidance commonly applied in Vietnam:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Around 13\u201315\u00b0C<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limiting grazing duration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoiding turnout in the early morning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limiting late-afternoon or evening grazing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Closely monitoring calves, buffalo calves, and thin animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Checking wind and rain conditions before turnout.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Around 12\u00b0C or below<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particularly when combined with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe cold.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ice.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>cattle and buffalo should generally not be grazed outdoors or used for outdoor work.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep animals in appropriately sheltered housing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed them indoors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase dry bedding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor high-risk groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check feed and water availability regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If conditions improve around midday, brief exercise may be considered when conditions are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relatively calm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free from rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Normal grazing routines should not be maintained rigidly when weather conditions are unsuitable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>5. Cold-weather feeding: increase available energy, not simply the amount of concentrate<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20528\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20528\" style=\"width: 934px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20528\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1421707587-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle eating forage at a feed trough inside a livestock barn\" width=\"944\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1421707587-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1421707587-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20528\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">During cold weather, maintenance energy requirements may increase, but rations should remain balanced between forage, concentrate, protein, minerals, and vitamins.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When effective environmental temperature falls below the animal\u2019s LCT, maintenance energy requirements increase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the ration does not meet this increased demand, animals may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mobilise body fat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lose BCS.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gain weight more slowly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produce less milk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Do not simply increase concentrate rapidly<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A rapid increase in concentrate may increase the risk of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestive disturbance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruminal acidosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dietary imbalance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy adjustments should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gradual.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate for each group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on forage quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balanced between forage and concentrate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Forage remains important<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rumen fermentation produces heat, so forage remains an important component of cold-weather feeding.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potential forage sources include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Straw.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elephant grass.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maize stover.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grass silage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maize silage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate agricultural by-products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Poor-quality forage does not automatically meet energy requirements simply because fermentation produces heat.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ration still needs to be assessed for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forage quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protein.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minerals and vitamins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Prepare feed reserves before cold weather<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed planning should be completed before prolonged cold conditions develop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Useful reserves may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Straw.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensiled maize stover.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentrate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suitable by-products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Premix where required by the ration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage areas should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well ventilated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected from leaks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Managed to reduce mould growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequate reserves help reduce the risk of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed shortages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abrupt dietary changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reliance on poor-quality ingredients.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Water remains essential<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cattle and buffalo still require substantial water intake during cold weather.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inadequate water access may reduce:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rumen activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continuously available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Easy to access.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected from freezing where relevant.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moderately warmer water may support intake under some conditions, but there is no need to impose one mandatory water temperature for every farm.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Do not provide electrolytes simply because the weather is cold<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolytes should be considered where there is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhoea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolyte imbalance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another appropriate indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Vitamins and minerals<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The diet should meet requirements for nutrients such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamin A.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamin D.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamin E.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zinc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selenium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, doses should not be increased indiscriminately in the hope of \u201cboosting immunity.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain nutrients, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selenium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can be toxic when supplied excessively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Premixes should be used according to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diet formulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product instructions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommended inclusion rate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actual herd requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>6. Cold weather and respiratory disease: cold itself does not directly cause pneumonia<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold weather is not the sole direct cause of pneumonia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a multifactorial syndrome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk may increase when several factors occur together, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold stress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weaning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commingling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High stocking density.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inadequate nutrition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stress can reduce the effectiveness of respiratory defence mechanisms, creating more favourable conditions for pathogens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial pathogens commonly associated with BRD include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mannheimia haemolytica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pasteurella multocida<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Histophilus somni<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mycoplasma bovis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several respiratory viruses may also contribute to the disease complex.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Antibiotics should not be given automatically simply because cattle cough during a period of cold weather.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>Signs to monitor<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Coughing<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Occasional.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Progressively more frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More apparent during movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing alone is not sufficient to diagnose pneumonia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Nasal discharge<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clear.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cloudy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thick.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should be assessed together with other clinical signs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Abnormal breathing<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular attention should be paid to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased respiratory rate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboured breathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abdominal respiratory effort.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flaring nostrils.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neck extension during breathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Reduced feed intake<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can be an important systemic sign.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Depression<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Affected animals may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate from the herd.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Move less.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spend more time lying down.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respond less normally.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Body temperature<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In adult dairy cattle, rectal temperature is commonly around <\/span><b>38.0\u201339.3\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, disease should not be diagnosed using a single temperature threshold alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature should be interpreted alongside:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory pattern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cough.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nasal discharge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Level of alertness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>7. What should be done first when cattle or buffalo begin coughing, eating less, or becoming weak?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20530\" style=\"width: 852px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20530\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1159034163-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Buffalo eating fresh forage inside a livestock pen\" width=\"862\" height=\"548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1159034163-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1159034163-612x612-1-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">When cattle or buffalo begin coughing, eating less, or becoming weak, assess feed intake, nasal discharge, breathing pattern, body temperature, and housing conditions before deciding on management or treatment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Assess the whole clinical picture<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed and water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cough.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nasal discharge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory rate and pattern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rectal temperature where feasible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ability to stand.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of affected animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Check the environment immediately<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Draughts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet flooring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water supply.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stocking density.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental correction may be an important part of management.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Separate affected animals where appropriate<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where infectious disease is suspected, affected animals may be moved to a separate area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The isolation area should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected from direct draughts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well ventilated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provided with easily accessible feed and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Managed to minimise unnecessary stress.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Maintain feed and water access<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sick animals should have:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water continuously available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed within easy reach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No abrupt change in diet.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no need to assume that every sick animal must automatically be fed multiple small meals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When is veterinary assessment needed?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seek veterinary assistance promptly if:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breathing becomes difficult.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory effort is increased.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake decreases markedly or stops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves or buffalo calves become weak or suckle less.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals spend excessive time lying down.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals cannot stand independently.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease progresses rapidly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several animals are affected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mortality exceeds expected levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal body temperature is accompanied by systemic signs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A fixed rule such as \u201cwait a few days to see whether care helps\u201d should not be followed when warning signs are already present.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>8. Medication during cold weather: when should it not be used without veterinary guidance?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics should not be administered automatically because:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The weather is cold.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An animal coughs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nasal discharge is present.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BRD may involve:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple pathogens together.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental and management factors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics should be used only where:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is an appropriate basis for suspecting or diagnosing bacterial infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The product is authorised for the relevant animal and production group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary or other appropriate professional guidance supports its use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extend treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shorten treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Withdrawal time<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For beef cattle, the applicable withdrawal time before slaughter must be observed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For dairy cattle, check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the product is authorised for cattle producing milk for human consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk withdrawal time where applicable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meat withdrawal time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the label states that a product must not be used in cattle producing milk for human consumption, a milk withdrawal period should not be independently assumed to justify off-label use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>9. Seven common mistakes that can increase cold-stress or respiratory-disease risk<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><b>1. Completely sealing the housing<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may increase:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humidity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CO\u2082.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor air quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A better approach is to:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>block direct draughts while maintaining adequate ventilation.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>2. Increasing concentrate only<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may increase the risk of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruminal acidosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestive disturbance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dietary imbalance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy supply should be adjusted within the overall ration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>3. Assuming more forage is always better<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forage remains important, but very poor-quality forage may not provide enough energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>4. Lighting an open fire inside the housing<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risks include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smoke.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon monoxide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>5. Crowding animals together to \u201ckeep them warm\u201d<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive stocking density may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase floor moisture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase feed competition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce air quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase transmission risk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>6. Giving large amounts of vitamins and minerals<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMore is better\u201d does not apply.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some nutrients may become toxic at excessive doses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>7. Assuming buffalo or healthy adult cattle are automatically safe<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Healthy adult cattle and buffalo may still experience:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold stress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weakness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased respiratory-disease risk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">particularly when cold conditions occur together with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet flooring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed shortage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>10. Checklist before and during a cold spell<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20532\" style=\"width: 932px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20532\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1501065029-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Farm worker recording cattle health information beside animals in a barn\" width=\"942\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1501065029-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/istockphoto-1501065029-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and during a cold spell, farms should check housing, feed and water supplies, body condition, and high-risk animals such as calves, buffalo calves, thin animals, and sick or recovering livestock.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Before cold weather arrives<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Housing<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inspect the roof.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repair leaks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify prevailing wind direction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare windbreaks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check drainage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare dry bedding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check heating equipment where used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Feed<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Store sufficient hay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare straw.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare silage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check concentrate supplies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remove mouldy or spoiled ingredients.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the water supply.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Animals<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assess BCS.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify young calves and buffalo calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify thin animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify sick or recovering animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor high-producing dairy cows.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor cows in late pregnancy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare an isolation area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review vaccination programmes where appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>During a cold spell<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check daily:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weather forecast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Floor condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bedding dryness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BCS or signs of body-condition loss.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves and buffalo calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cough.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nasal discharge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory pattern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of depressed animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If several animals show similar abnormalities, the problem should be assessed at herd level rather than managing each animal in isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Frequently asked questions about cold-weather care for cattle and buffalo<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><b>Do buffalo need protection from cold weather like cattle?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buffalo should not be assumed to tolerate cold conditions under all circumstances.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They still require:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry flooring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from direct wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequate feed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Young buffalo calves, thin buffalo, and sick animals require particular attention.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When should cattle and buffalo not be taken outside?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under practical conditions in Vietnam, when temperatures are around <\/span><b>13\u201315\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, grazing duration should generally be limited, particularly during the early morning and late afternoon or evening.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When temperatures fall to around <\/span><b>12\u00b0C or below<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe cold.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>animals should generally not be grazed or used for outdoor work and should be kept in sheltered areas.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These temperature ranges are practical management references rather than universal physiological cut-offs; wind, rain, wet coats, body condition, and acclimatisation can substantially alter cold stress at the same measured temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should a large amount of concentrate be added during cold weather?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy density may need to increase, but changes should be gradual and the ration should remain balanced between:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concentrate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protein.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>What should be prioritised for calves and buffalo calves during cold weather?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key priorities include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keeping the body and lying area dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protecting animals from direct draughts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensuring adequate colostrum intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing an appropriate milk allowance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring for diarrhoea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detecting respiratory disease early.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Does coughing during cold weather mean cattle need antibiotics immediately?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not necessarily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing may be associated with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multifactorial BRD.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall clinical picture should be assessed before deciding whether antimicrobial treatment is appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Proactive Cold-Weather Protection for Cattle and Buffalo at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective cold-weather protection for cattle and buffalo involves more than closing the housing or increasing feed. Wind, rain, wet flooring, ration quality, body condition, and the degree of acclimatisation all influence cold-stress risk. For young calves and buffalo calves, thin animals, and animals that are sick or recovering, maintaining dry bedding, adequate energy intake, and early detection of respiratory abnormalities is particularly important during prolonged cold spells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026 \u2013 Vietnam\u2019s Premier International Feed, Livestock &amp; Meat Industry Show<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, livestock producers, technicians, and businesses can exchange practical experience, explore developments in herd management, and connect with organisations across the livestock and animal health value chain. The event is expected to bring together <\/span><b>300+ brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, over <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and participants from <\/span><b>40+ countries and territories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>For farms preparing for adverse weather conditions, participants can explore solutions that directly support cattle and buffalo management, including:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ventilation and housing-environment control:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> solutions that help maintain air quality, reduce direct draughts, and manage humidity without completely sealing the housing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Feed and nutrition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> approaches involving forage, silage, feed additives, and ration design to support the energy requirements of different animal groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Calf and buffalo-calf care:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> solutions supporting early-life management, from bedding and nutrition to health monitoring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Farm equipment and technology:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> systems that support monitoring of temperature, humidity, ventilation, and other environmental changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Animal health and disease prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> developments in vaccination, biosecurity, and herd-health management that can help reduce respiratory-disease risk during adverse weather.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participants interested in building livestock-production systems that are more resilient to environmental challenges can also learn more at the <\/span><b>One Health Forum on 22 October 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The programme addresses topics related to <\/span><b>nutrition, water, farm management, biosecurity, and hygiene<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as well as the <\/span><b>integration of One Health into commercial livestock-production systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These themes provide a useful broader context for linking seasonal herd care with long-term animal health and production efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Event website:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-pre-registration-is-now-open-connect-with-the-future-of-livestock-production-and-animal-health-2\/\"> <b>VIETSTOCK 2026 Visitor Registration Information<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/one-health-forum-at-vietstock-2026-advancing-sustainable-livestock-development\/\"> <b>Learn more about the One Health Forum<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact information:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cold-weather care for cattle and buffalo requires more than simply keeping animals warm. Learn how to manage shelter, dry bedding, ventilation, nutrition, grazing, cold stress, and respiratory-disease risks during adverse weather.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20683,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Cold Weather Care for Cattle and Buffalo: Warmth, Nutrition &amp; Prevention<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn cold-weather care for cattle and buffalo, including shelter, dry bedding, nutrition, cold-stress prevention and respiratory-disease monitoring.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/tin-nganh\/cham-soc-trau-bo-mua-lanh\/\" \/>\n<meta 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