{"id":20270,"date":"2026-09-30T14:49:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T07:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=20270"},"modified":"2026-09-30T14:49:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T07:49:11","slug":"gentamicin-veterinary-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/gentamicin-veterinary-medicine\/","title":{"rendered":"Gentamicin in Veterinary Medicine: Applications, Limitations, and Residue Considerations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine to treat certain infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It has concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and is particularly active against many aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, gentamicin is also an antibiotic that requires careful consideration before systemic use. The drug can accumulate in the kidneys and inner ear, creating important risks such as <\/span><b>nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under certain conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In food-producing animals, the issue is even more complex because gentamicin may <\/span><b>persist for prolonged periods in kidney tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A decline in blood concentrations does not mean that tissue residues have been eliminated, and withdrawal times from one product cannot be extrapolated to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With gentamicin, the key question is therefore not only:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIs this antibiotic active against the bacterium?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is also necessary to consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the pathogen is an aerobic bacterium and remains susceptible to gentamicin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether conditions at the site of infection allow gentamicin to act effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the selected route of administration can provide the intended local or systemic effect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether renal function or dehydration increases the risk of toxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the product is authorised for the relevant species and production group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How the withdrawal time must be managed before animals or their products enter the food chain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate gentamicin use therefore requires balancing <\/span><b>treatment effectiveness, toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and the risk of residues in food<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Gentamicin: 4 points to check before use<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>The pathogen<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin has particularly strong activity against many susceptible aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, but it has little or no useful activity against obligate anaerobic bacteria. Low-oxygen environments, necrotic tissue, and abscesses may also reduce aminoglycoside effectiveness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Route of administration<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Oral administration therefore mainly produces activity within the intestinal lumen, while systemic infections require the correct product and an authorised route capable of achieving systemic exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Safety<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal function, dehydration, perfusion status, and concurrently administered medicines can significantly influence the risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or neuromuscular blockade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Residues<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin may persist for prolonged periods in kidney tissue. Withdrawal time must be taken directly from the specific authorised product and should not be inferred from blood concentrations or from another gentamicin product.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. When is gentamicin effective \u2014 and where are its limitations?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20258\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20258\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20258\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2246721479-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gentamicin information sheet being reviewed in a laboratory\" width=\"760\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2246721479-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2246721479-612x612-1-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20258\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, particularly against many susceptible aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin belongs to the <\/span><b>aminoglycoside<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> class of antibiotics and is derived from bacteria of the genus <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micromonospora<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It acts by binding to the <\/span><b>30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, disrupting protein synthesis and causing misreading of genetic information during translation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin has <\/span><b>concentration-dependent bactericidal activity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and also produces a post-antibiotic effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that effectiveness depends not only on whether a bacterium falls within its theoretical spectrum, but also on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drug concentration achieved at the site of infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ability of the drug to reach the bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility of the pathogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Condition of the animal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration and formulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Gentamicin is particularly active against many aerobic Gram-negative bacteria<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commonly referenced organisms may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escherichia coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salmonella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pasteurella multocida<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mannheimia haemolytica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the bacterial name alone is not enough to predict treatment success.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility may vary considerably between:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial strains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographical areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antimicrobial-use histories.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it should not be assumed that every strain is susceptible to gentamicin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When treatment fails, disease recurs, or the risk of antimicrobial resistance is high, bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing may provide additional evidence for selecting a more appropriate antibiotic.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Activity against Gram-positive bacteria is more limited<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin has some activity against certain susceptible Gram-positive organisms such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streptococcus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, gentamicin alone is generally not an appropriate choice because intrinsic susceptibility may be low.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In certain professionally managed situations, an aminoglycoside may be combined with a cell-wall-active antibiotic such as a beta-lactam to produce a synergistic effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, antibiotics should not be combined independently simply to \u201cbroaden the spectrum.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combination therapy should be based on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pathogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Site of infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Condition of the animal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Why is gentamicin largely ineffective against obligate anaerobes?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aminoglycosides require an energy- and oxygen-dependent transport process to enter bacterial cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin therefore has little useful activity against obligate anaerobic bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its activity may also be reduced in environments such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hypoxic tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Necrotic tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abscesses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain pH conditions that are unfavourable for drug uptake.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is an important limitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even when a bacterium appears to fall within gentamicin\u2019s spectrum, treatment effectiveness may still be poor if conditions at the infection site prevent adequate aminoglycoside uptake.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>2. Oral and injectable gentamicin do not serve the same purpose<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin may be available in different dosage forms and routes of administration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, because it is poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, oral gentamicin and systemically administered gentamicin should not be treated as directly interchangeable approaches.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Oral administration: primarily acts within the intestinal lumen<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When administered orally, it therefore largely remains within the intestinal lumen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain products may be authorised for intestinal infections caused by susceptible bacteria, for example some <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E. coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-associated infections in pigs where the specific product and indication permit such use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The key point is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Oral gentamicin should not be considered a treatment for systemic infection.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If bacteria have entered the bloodstream or tissues outside the gastrointestinal tract, oral administration does not provide systemic absorption comparable with injectable administration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Injectable administration: systemic activity with greater toxicity considerations<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain gentamicin products may be authorised for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intramuscular administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subcutaneous administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some professionally managed situations, intravenous administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Injectable administration allows gentamicin to enter the circulation and produce systemic exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, renal function then becomes particularly important.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not every formulation can be administered by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intramuscular injection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subcutaneous injection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intravenous injection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The permitted route must be taken from the specific product label.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routes of administration should not be changed based only on experience with another gentamicin product.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Topical use<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In small-animal veterinary medicine, gentamicin may also be included in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ear drops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eye preparations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Topical skin products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These formulations are designed for localised infections and should only be used at the intended site.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular caution is required with aminoglycoside-containing ear products if the tympanic membrane is not intact because of the risk of ototoxicity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A topical product should not be used in the eye or ear unless it has been specifically designed for that site.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Scope of use differs between species<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In pigs, certain oral products may be authorised for intestinal infections caused by susceptible bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In poultry, use depends heavily on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Production stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Residue requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin should not be used routinely in healthy chicks or entire healthy flocks for disease prevention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cattle, gentamicin should not be regarded as a default choice for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pneumonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mastitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metritis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urinary tract infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particularly in food-producing animals, systemic use requires careful control because gentamicin may persist in kidney tissue for prolonged periods.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>3. Before systemic gentamicin use, assess renal function and fluid status<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20260\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20260\" style=\"width: 780px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-1471790743-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian examining a cow at a livestock farm\" width=\"790\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-1471790743-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-1471790743-612x612-1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20260\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before systemic gentamicin treatment, renal function, hydration status, circulating volume, and renal perfusion should be carefully assessed to reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With gentamicin, kidney function affects not only toxicity but also drug elimination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is eliminated primarily by the kidneys and tends to accumulate in renal tubular cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before and during systemic treatment, particular attention should therefore be paid to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydration status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circulating volume.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal perfusion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other medicines being administered concurrently.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Animals with kidney disease are at greater risk<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced renal function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre-existing kidney disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased creatinine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impaired renal perfusion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may have a higher risk of gentamicin accumulation and toxicity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose, dosing interval, or treatment duration should not be independently adjusted in animals with renal disease without appropriate professional guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Dehydration can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals experiencing:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhoea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vomiting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged fever.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shock.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced circulating volume.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may face an increased risk of kidney injury during aminoglycoside treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should not be assumed that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cGiving plenty of water is enough to prevent nephrotoxicity.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluid management should be based on the animal\u2019s actual clinical condition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In dehydrated or haemodynamically unstable patients, a veterinarian should assess fluid status and perfusion before systemic gentamicin is continued or selected.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Monitoring renal function<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine colour should not be used to assess aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney injury may develop before clear clinical signs appear and may present as non-oliguric renal impairment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the clinical situation, veterinary monitoring may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creatinine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BUN.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urinalysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proteinuria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine concentrating ability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydration status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other appropriate renal-function indicators.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If renal function deteriorates, continued gentamicin use should be reassessed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>4. Two Major Toxicities of Gentamicin: Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin should not be treated as an antibiotic that can simply be continued indefinitely when an animal does not improve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As total drug exposure increases, toxicity becomes an increasingly important consideration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Nephrotoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin can accumulate in renal tubular epithelial cells and cause tubular injury.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk may increase with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High drug exposure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced circulating volume.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impaired renal function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe sepsis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concurrent use of nephrotoxic medicines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early kidney injury does not necessarily cause an obvious reduction in urine output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Do not wait for reduced urination before considering gentamicin nephrotoxicity.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>Ototoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin may damage the vestibular or auditory systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible signs may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incoordination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nystagmus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Loss of the righting reflex.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced hearing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deafness in severe cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some auditory damage may not be fully reversible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is another reason for caution when other potentially ototoxic medicines are being used.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Neuromuscular blockade<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At high concentrations or in certain drug combinations, aminoglycosides may increase the risk of neuromuscular blockade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular caution is needed when animals are also receiving:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muscle relaxants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain anaesthetic agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other medicines affecting neuromuscular transmission.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If an animal develops:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unusual muscle weakness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difficulty breathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs suggesting kidney injury.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">early veterinary assessment is appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Injection-site reactions<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Injectable gentamicin may cause:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swelling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated injections at the same site may increase local tissue injury.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In food-producing animals, injection-site reactions may also affect carcass quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follow product instructions regarding:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Injection site.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maximum volume per injection site, where specified.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>5. When gentamicin fails, assess the infection site before concluding that resistance is present<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20262\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20262\" style=\"width: 925px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20262\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2296205862-640x640-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinary staff collecting diagnostic samples at a cattle farm\" width=\"935\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2296205862-640x640-1-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-2296205862-640x640-1-1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 935px) 100vw, 935px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20262\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">When gentamicin treatment is not effective, the pathogen, infection site, route of administration, and possible antimicrobial resistance should be reassessed before changing treatment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure to improve after gentamicin treatment does not automatically mean that the bacteria are resistant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before increasing the dose, extending treatment, or switching antibiotics, the entire clinical situation should be reassessed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The pathogen may fall outside gentamicin\u2019s spectrum<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is not appropriate for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligate anaerobic bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain Gram-positive bacteria with low intrinsic susceptibility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organisms that have developed aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the cause of disease falls outside the drug\u2019s effective spectrum, increasing the dose will not address the problem.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The infection site may reduce drug effectiveness<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin requires favourable conditions for uptake into bacterial cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its activity may therefore be reduced in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abscesses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Necrotic tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hypoxic environments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure of a deep infection or abscess to respond does not necessarily indicate gentamicin resistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other factors may need to be assessed, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage where appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of tissue necrosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Location of the lesion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the medicine can adequately reach the target tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>The route of administration may be inappropriate<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oral gentamicin is poorly absorbed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If oral administration is used when the treatment target is a systemic infection, treatment failure may reflect the route of administration rather than antimicrobial resistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The disease may involve multiple causes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An animal may simultaneously have:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underlying disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treating one component does not always resolve the entire clinical condition.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When should gentamicin resistance be considered?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria can develop aminoglycoside resistance through several mechanisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria may produce enzymes that modify gentamicin through:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acetylation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phosphorylation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adenylylation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modification of the drug molecule can reduce its ability to bind to the ribosome and exert its bactericidal effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Alteration of the target site<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain mechanisms alter ribosomal structure or function, reducing gentamicin interaction with the 30S subunit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Reduced drug uptake<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria may alter:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Permeability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other factors involved in aminoglycoside uptake.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resistance mechanisms may spread between bacteria through mobile genetic elements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When should antimicrobial susceptibility testing be considered?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be particularly useful when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease recurs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment with the correct product does not produce the expected response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A previously effective regimen has become less effective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The herd or flock has a history of repeated gentamicin use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continued antimicrobial treatment is required but the underlying cause remains uncertain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dose or treatment duration should not simply be increased before the cause of treatment failure has been identified.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>6. How do gentamicin residues differ from those of many other antibiotics?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One particularly important characteristic of gentamicin is its prolonged retention in <\/span><b>kidney tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin accumulates in renal tubular cells and has a terminal tissue-elimination phase that may be considerably longer than the decline in plasma concentrations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This leads to an important principle:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>A decline in blood gentamicin does not mean that kidney residues have been eliminated.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, users should not:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infer withdrawal time from blood concentrations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculate withdrawal time from the time when the medicine is believed to have \u201cstopped working.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apply the withdrawal time of another gentamicin product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>MRL and withdrawal time are different concepts<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>MRL \u2013 Maximum Residue Limit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the maximum permitted residue level in a specific food product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MRLs may vary according to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active ingredient.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue or food product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Applicable regulations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Vietnam, maximum residue limits for veterinary medicines in food are addressed under <\/span><b>Circular No. 24\/2013\/TT-BYT<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and corresponding national technical regulations where applicable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Withdrawal time<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the minimum period between the final administration of a medicine and the point at which an animal or animal-derived product may enter the food chain under the authorised conditions of use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal time depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment duration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Type of food product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Meat<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animals should not be slaughtered before completion of the withdrawal period specified for the exact product used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There should not be a universal table stating:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cGentamicin = X days\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for every product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because kidney residues may persist for prolonged periods, off-label use in food-producing animals can make residue depletion difficult to predict.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Milk<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not every gentamicin product is authorised for use in cattle producing milk for human consumption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where a product is authorised, the specified milk withdrawal period must be followed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a product states that it must not be used in cattle producing milk for human consumption:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not administer it and simply discard milk for an estimated number of days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently infer a withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An alternative treatment approach should be selected through veterinary assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Eggs<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, for poultry producing eggs for human consumption, the specific product label should be checked directly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the formulation is not authorised for commercial laying birds, an egg withdrawal period should not be inferred from:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meat withdrawal time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another product.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another species.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>7. Drug combinations that may increase risk<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20264\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20264\" style=\"width: 835px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-590137622-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Capsules and tablets illustrating potential risks from drug combinations\" width=\"845\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-590137622-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-590137622-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20264\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Certain medicines may increase the risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or neuromuscular blockade when used with gentamicin, so combinations should be professionally assessed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When systemic gentamicin is used, other medicines being administered should also be reviewed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Medicines associated with nephrotoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caution is required when gentamicin is used with medicines that may also be nephrotoxic or increase the risk of kidney injury, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain other aminoglycosides.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amphotericin B.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cisplatin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain NSAIDs under relevant clinical conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This does not mean that every such combination is absolutely contraindicated in every situation. However, the benefit\u2013risk balance and renal function should be assessed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Medicines associated with ototoxicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Furosemide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is particularly relevant because it may increase the risk of aminoglycoside-associated ototoxicity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where concurrent use is necessary, veterinary assessment of the individual patient and specific risk is required.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Medicines affecting neuromuscular transmission<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin may increase the risk of neuromuscular blockade when used together with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muscle relaxants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain anaesthetic agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is particularly important in surgical cases or animals undergoing sedation or anaesthesia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Do not combine antibiotics simply to broaden the spectrum<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In certain professionally managed situations, gentamicin may be combined with another antibiotic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, this decision should be based on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Target bacterium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susceptibility results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Site of infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pharmacology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal-function status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple antibiotics should not be combined simply because a single antibiotic has not produced rapid improvement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>8. Managing gentamicin from the start of treatment to sale<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With gentamicin, safe management should begin before treatment rather than waiting until the day animals are sold to check the withdrawal time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Before treatment<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin strength.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the product is authorised for use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Authorised animal species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk or egg restrictions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal-function status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of dehydration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other medicines being administered concurrently.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If disease has recurred or several antimicrobial treatments have already been used, sample collection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be considered where appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>During treatment<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record and monitor:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start date.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individual animal or treated group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluid status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal function where appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Injection site.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs of ototoxicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs of muscle weakness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce the dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extend treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shorten treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If treatment fails, reassess the diagnosis rather than assuming that more gentamicin is required.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>At the final dose<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record accurately:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Date of final administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Product used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treated group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earliest permitted sale date.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If several medicines are used during the same period, check whether another product has a longer withdrawal time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Before sale<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Has the withdrawal period been completed?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is another medicine still within its withdrawal period?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does the product carry restrictions for milk or eggs?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Has the treated group been correctly identified?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are records sufficient for traceability?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the exact product or final administration date is uncertain, animals or their products should not enter the food chain until the information has been verified.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Gentamicin is not a routine disease-prevention tool<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin should not be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routinely added to drinking water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regularly included in feed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administered to entire healthy herds or flocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Used to compensate for weak management practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 2026 Vietnam context, routine in-feed antibiotic programmes for disease prevention should not be recommended.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease prevention should instead focus on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosecurity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate stocking density.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stress reduction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control of breeding stock sources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early detection of sick animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Frequently asked questions about gentamicin<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20266\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20266\" style=\"width: 867px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-516036395-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory professional recording information during a gentamicin assessment\" width=\"877\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-516036395-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/istockphoto-516036395-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20266\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frequently asked questions about gentamicin include its antibacterial spectrum, routes of administration, nephrotoxicity, residues, and withdrawal-time management.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>What types of bacteria is gentamicin most active against?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin has particularly strong activity against many susceptible aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E. coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salmonella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pasteurella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, not every strain is susceptible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin also has little useful activity against obligate anaerobic bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease names such as \u201cdiarrhoea,\u201d \u201cpneumonia,\u201d or \u201cmastitis\u201d should therefore not be used as direct justification for selecting gentamicin.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why is oral gentamicin not suitable for systemic infections?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orally administered gentamicin therefore largely remains in the intestinal lumen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the treatment target is an infection outside the gastrointestinal tract or a systemic infection, the correct product and authorised route of administration must be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The oral dose should not simply be increased in an attempt to achieve systemic exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why can gentamicin cause nephrotoxicity?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin is filtered and eliminated through the kidneys and can accumulate in renal tubular cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk increases when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renal function is impaired.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The animal is dehydrated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfusion is reduced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment is prolonged.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other nephrotoxic medicines are administered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assessment of renal function and fluid status is therefore an important part of systemic gentamicin use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why can there not be one universal withdrawal time for gentamicin?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal time is established for the <\/span><b>specific product<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Route of administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment regimen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Food product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin also tends to persist in kidney tissue, meaning that withdrawal time cannot be inferred from blood concentrations or clinical duration of action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a product is not authorised for dairy cattle or poultry producing eggs for human consumption, an alternative withdrawal period should not be independently established to justify off-label use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Managing Gentamicin-Related Risks at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gentamicin has several limitations that require particular attention in livestock production, from the risks of <\/span><b>nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to its potential for <\/span><b>prolonged persistence in kidney tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in food-producing animals. Its use therefore requires not only the correct indication and product, but also appropriate monitoring of animal health, careful withdrawal-time management, and reassessment when treatment does not produce the expected response.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026 \u2013 Vietnam\u2019s Premier International Feed, Livestock &amp; Meat Industry Show<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, farmers, veterinarians, and businesses can explore products, technologies, and solutions that support animal health, disease prevention, and more efficient livestock production. The event is expected to feature <\/span><b>300 brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, over <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors from 40 countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Given the specific risks associated with gentamicin, participants can prioritise solutions that support safer medicine use, including:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Veterinary medicines and animal health:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploring products, dosage forms, and safety information appropriate for different animal species and treatment purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility assessment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploring solutions that support pathogen identification before antibiotics are selected or continued.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Animal-health monitoring during treatment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> learning about technologies that help record disease progression, treatment response, and abnormalities requiring reassessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Residue and withdrawal-time control:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploring solutions that support treatment-date recording, identification of treated groups, and reduction of the risk of animal-derived products entering the food chain too early.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Proactive disease prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploring vaccination, biosecurity, hygiene, nutrition, and housing-management solutions that help reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the <\/span><b>antimicrobial resistance issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discussed in this article, the <\/span><b>One Health Forum on 22 October 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also directly relevant. The official programme includes sessions on <\/span><b>\u201cPractical AMR reduction strategies in animal agriculture\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>\u201cLinking animal health, human health, and environmental outcomes,\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> helping participants consider antimicrobial use from a broader livestock-system perspective.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Event website:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Register to visit now<\/strong>: <a href=\"http:\/\/Register to visit now: https:\/\/ers-vn.informa-info.com\/vs26\">https:\/\/ers-vn.informa-info.com\/vs26<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-pre-registration-is-now-open-connect-with-the-future-of-livestock-production-and-animal-health-2\/\"> <b>VIETSTOCK 2026 Visitor Registration Information<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/one-health-forum-at-vietstock-2026-advancing-sustainable-livestock-development\/\"> <b>Learn more about the One Health Forum<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact information:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine for certain infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Learn about its uses, routes of administration, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, antimicrobial resistance, kidney residues, and withdrawal-time management.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Gentamicin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Toxicity &amp; Residues<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about gentamicin in veterinary medicine, including its uses, routes of administration, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, resistance and withdrawal time.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/gentamicin-veterinary-medicine\/\" 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an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine, with important considerations relating to nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and prolonged residues in kidney tissue.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/gentamicin-veterinary-medicine\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/gentamicin-veterinary-medicine\/\",\"name\":\"Gentamicin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses, Toxicity & Residues\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/gentamicin-veterinary-medicine\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-30T07:49:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-30T07:49:11+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/#\/schema\/person\/caaf897414eac1b9f130df4ddb9e34d6\"},\"description\":\"Learn about gentamicin in veterinary medicine, including its uses, routes of administration, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, 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