{"id":20019,"date":"2026-09-04T14:21:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T07:21:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=20019"},"modified":"2026-08-28T14:36:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T07:36:44","slug":"enteritis-in-calves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/enteritis-in-calves\/","title":{"rendered":"Enteritis in Calves: Diarrhea Signs, Causes, and Prevention Measures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A calf develops loose feces in the morning. By the afternoon, it is drinking less milk, its eyes appear slightly sunken, and it spends more time lying down than usual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this situation, the most important initial question is not:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cDoes the calf have <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E. coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, rotavirus, or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptosporidium<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead, the first questions should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>How dehydrated is the calf, and is it developing signs of systemic illness?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calf diarrhea is a <\/span><b>syndrome with multiple possible causes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites can damage the intestinal tract, while errors in milk preparation, feeding procedures, or hygiene may also lead to loose feces.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In severe cases, the immediate risks are not limited to intestinal inflammation itself. They may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolyte disturbances;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acid\u2013base disturbances;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy deficit;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circulatory compromise;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Systemic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A practical approach to calf diarrhea should therefore follow this sequence:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Assess disease severity \u2192 begin rehydration early \u2192 investigate the likely cause \u2192 control sources of infection \u2192 review herd-management procedures.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. When a Calf Develops Diarrhea, First Assess Disease Severity<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20005\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20005\" style=\"width: 1007px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20005\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129915-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Assessing dehydration and health status in a calf with diarrhea\" width=\"1017\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129915-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129915-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1017px) 100vw, 1017px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20005\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">When a calf develops diarrhea, its ability to stand and suckle, hydration status, and systemic signs should be assessed before deciding on treatment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loose feces are usually the most obvious clinical sign, but they are not necessarily the most important finding for determining urgency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A calf that can still stand, has a strong suckle reflex, and shows little evidence of dehydration requires a different level of intervention from a calf that is recumbent, has markedly sunken eyes, and no longer suckles.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Clinical Signs to Check Immediately<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farm personnel should assess:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can the calf stand on its own?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the suckle reflex still strong?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does the calf actively seek milk?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are the eyes sunken?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are the oral mucous membranes dry?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is skin elasticity reduced?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the calf spending more time lying down or responding slowly?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is body temperature abnormally high or low?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is there blood in the feces?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These findings help provide an initial assessment of disease severity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no need to wait until every sign is present before beginning <\/span><b>appropriate management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular concern is warranted when a calf:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Stops suckling \u2013 cannot stand \u2013 is clearly dehydrated \u2013 has an abnormal body temperature \u2013 is markedly depressed \u2013 or has blood in the feces.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These calves should receive prompt veterinary assessment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Dehydration Is One of the Major Risks<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea causes calves to lose:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sodium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potassium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bicarbonate;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other electrolytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If these losses continue, calves may develop acid\u2013base abnormalities, weakness, and circulatory compromise.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common signs associated with dehydration and worsening illness include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sunken eyes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry mouth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced skin elasticity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weakness;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unsteady standing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced suckle reflex;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased recumbency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A recumbent calf or one that can no longer drink voluntarily should be evaluated to determine whether <\/span><b>intravenous fluid therapy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is required.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>2. Do Not Diagnose the Cause of Calf Diarrhea From Fecal Color<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One common mistake when managing calf diarrhea is to look at the color of the feces and immediately conclude:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis color means <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E. coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis type of feces must be viral.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is not a reliable diagnostic approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feces may vary in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Color;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluidity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mucus content;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presence of blood;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depending on intestinal function and disease severity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These characteristics should be <\/span><b>recorded as part of the clinical picture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but they are not sufficient to identify the causative agent.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Calf Age Is More Informative Than Fecal Color, but It Is Still Not a Diagnosis<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some pathogens tend to be associated with particular age ranges:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Pathogen<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Age Range Commonly Considered<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ETEC <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E. coli<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primarily during the first days after birth<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotavirus<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common during the first weeks of life; often notable around 5\u201315 days<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coronavirus<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common during the first weeks of life<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptosporidium parvum<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May occur from approximately 5\u201335 days, often particularly relevant during the second week<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salmonella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spp.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can cause disease across a broader range of ages<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These age ranges are useful for <\/span><b>orienting the diagnostic investigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not for establishing absolute boundaries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A calf may also be infected with more than one pathogen at the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, when diarrhea:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Affects multiple calves;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeatedly occurs in successive groups;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produces high morbidity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does not respond as expected to initial management;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a veterinarian may recommend <\/span><b>appropriate sample collection and diagnostic testing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>3. What Can Cause Diarrhea in Calves?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20007\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20007\" style=\"width: 913px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20007\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196241006-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian investigating causes of diarrhea and enteritis in a calf\" width=\"923\" height=\"615\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196241006-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196241006-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20007\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Calf diarrhea may result from bacteria, viruses, parasites, or feeding and management problems, so fecal color alone should not be used for diagnosis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not all cases of calf diarrhea develop through the same mechanism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The causes can broadly be divided into two groups:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Infectious causes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nutritional and management-related causes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Infectious Causes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commonly discussed infectious agents include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>ETEC <\/b><b><i>E. coli<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enterotoxigenic <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escherichia coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is particularly associated with calves during the first days of life and may cause secretory diarrhea with rapid fluid loss.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Salmonella spp.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salmonella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can cause intestinal disease and systemic illness. Some affected calves may develop septicemia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Rotavirus and coronavirus<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These viruses are important causes of diarrhea during the first weeks of life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptosporidium parvum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a protozoan parasite commonly associated with diarrhea in young calves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An important additional consideration is that <\/span><b><i>C. parvum<\/i><\/b><b> is zoonotic and can infect humans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personnel caring for diarrheic calves should therefore pay particular attention to hand hygiene, protective measures, and manure handling.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Nutritional and Management-Related Causes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loose feces may also be associated with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect milk-replacer concentration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive total solids;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inconsistent mixing between feedings;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sudden changes in milk or milk replacer;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poorly digestible ingredients;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessively hyperosmolar feeding solutions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poorly cleaned feeding equipment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contaminated water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, when several calves develop diarrhea at the same time, the farm should not ask only:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhich virus is circulating?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should also ask:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cHas anything changed in how milk is being prepared or fed?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>4. What Should Be Addressed First When a Calf Has Diarrhea?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In many cases, <\/span><b>fluid replacement and correction of electrolyte and acid\u2013base disturbances are the foundation of early supportive management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is generally more important than immediately searching for a medicine to simply \u201cstop the diarrhea.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>If the Calf Can Still Stand and Drink<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An oral electrolyte solution formulated for calves may be used according to the product instructions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective is to replace:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolytes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Components designed to support correction of acid\u2013base disturbances according to the formulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolyte solutions should not be mixed at arbitrary concentrations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should Milk Be Stopped?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Milk should not routinely be withheld simply because a calf has diarrhea.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the calf can still suckle:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continue providing an appropriate amount of milk or milk replacer;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide supplemental oral electrolytes <\/span><b>between milk feedings or according to product instructions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain an adequate source of energy during illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing only electrolyte solution while completely withholding milk may leave the calf with insufficient energy during recovery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolytes should not automatically be mixed directly into milk unless the product is specifically designed and labeled for that use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The timing between milk and electrolyte feedings may also depend on the electrolyte formulation, so one fixed interval should not be applied to every product.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When May Oral Electrolytes No Longer Be Sufficient?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves that:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cannot stand;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not suckle;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cannot drink voluntarily;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are severely dehydrated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are markedly depressed or collapsed;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may require intravenous fluid therapy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A veterinarian should assess:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Metabolic acidosis;<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circulatory status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evidence of systemic disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A calf without an adequate <\/span><b>suckle reflex<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should not be forced to consume a large volume of oral fluid without appropriate guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>5. Does Every Calf With Diarrhea Need Antibiotics?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20009\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20009\" style=\"width: 938px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20009\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129985-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian assessing whether medication is needed for a calf with diarrhea\" width=\"948\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129985-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1168129985-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20009\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not every calf with diarrhea requires antibiotics; treatment decisions should be based on the calf\u2019s overall condition and suspected cause.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Diarrhea alone is not an automatic indication for antibiotic treatment.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics do not treat:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotavirus;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coronavirus;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptosporidium<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine antibiotic administration to every calf with diarrhea can therefore result in unnecessary antimicrobial use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>However, This Does Not Mean Antibiotics Are Never Appropriate<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some diarrheic calves with signs of systemic illness may be at risk of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteremia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sepsis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extraintestinal bacterial infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary assessment is particularly important when a calf shows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever or hypothermia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marked reduction or loss of suckling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recumbency;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe depression;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other evidence of systemic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In these situations, a veterinarian may determine that systemic antimicrobial treatment is appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision should therefore not be based on:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhat color are the feces?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but rather on the broader clinical question:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u201cDoes the calf have signs of systemic illness?\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>Do Not Use Antibiotics Routinely to Prevent Diarrhea in Healthy Calves<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics do not replace:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colostrum management;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hygiene;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housing management;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control of sources of infection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosecurity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unnecessary antimicrobial exposure can also contribute to selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>6. When Several Calves Develop Diarrhea, Investigate the Herd System Rather Than Treating Only Individual Calves<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One diarrheic calf may represent an isolated case.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, if within several days:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple calves become affected;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves of similar ages develop disease;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea repeatedly occurs in newly born calves;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the farm should review the <\/span><b>entire calf-management system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An investigation can begin with four key areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Colostrum Management<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did the calf receive colostrum promptly?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is colostrum quality monitored?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was an appropriate amount provided?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Were bottles and feeding equipment clean?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How is stored colostrum handled?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Passive immunity during early life depends heavily on immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, obtained from colostrum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The efficiency of IgG absorption declines rapidly after birth and becomes very limited by approximately <\/span><b>24 hours of age<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, this 24-hour period should not be interpreted as permission to delay the first feeding until the end of the first day.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>High-quality colostrum should be provided as soon as possible after birth, particularly during the first several hours of life.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>2. Calf Housing and Fecal Exposure<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many important calf-diarrhea pathogens spread through the <\/span><b>fecal\u2013oral route<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the calving area clean?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the calf bedding dry?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is bedding replaced appropriately?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is manure accumulating?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are calves in frequent direct contact?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is equipment shared among calves?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In particular, many commonly used disinfectants have limited effectiveness against <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cryptosporidium<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease control therefore cannot rely only on:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSpraying more disinfectant.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also requires:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removal of organic material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mechanical cleaning;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drying of surfaces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective manure management.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3. Feeding Equipment<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bottles, nipples, and milk buckets may become links in disease transmission when hygiene is poor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review whether:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equipment is cleaned after each use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equipment is shared between sick and healthy calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk residue remains in equipment for prolonged periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cleaning procedures are performed consistently across work shifts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>4. Milk-Preparation Procedures<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct mixing ratio;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct amount of water;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consistency of the formulation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absence of abrupt changes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accuracy of measuring equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a group of calves begins developing diarrhea shortly after the milk replacer or mixing procedure has changed, this information should be included in the investigation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>7. Preventing Calf Diarrhea Begins Before the Calf Develops Loose Feces<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20011\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20011\" style=\"width: 931px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20011\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196240895-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Monitoring calf health to help prevent diarrhea and enteritis\" width=\"941\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196240895-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196240895-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 941px) 100vw, 941px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20011\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevention begins with calving-area hygiene, colostrum management, clean feeding equipment, proper nutrition, and close monitoring during the first weeks of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If disease prevention begins only after diarrhea appears, important opportunities have already been missed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An effective program should cover the entire sequence:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Calving area \u2192 colostrum \u2192 calf housing \u2192 nutrition \u2192 hygiene \u2192 monitoring.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>Preparing the Calving Area<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The area should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relatively free of manure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriately bedded;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected from direct drafts;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adequately ventilated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manure and organic material should be removed before disinfectants are applied.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The First Hours After Birth<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The priority is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>High-quality colostrum + adequate intake + as early as possible.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colostrum management should also include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection procedures;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feeding equipment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feeding method.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If an esophageal feeder is required, the person performing the procedure should be appropriately trained because incorrect technique may cause injury.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The First 30 Days of Life<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regularly monitor:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suckle behavior;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Activity level;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perineal area;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydration status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body temperature when disease is suspected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves should also have <\/span><b>free-choice access to clean drinking water from the early days of life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk provides most of the calf\u2019s early nutrition, but it does not eliminate the need for access to drinking water.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Reducing Cross-Transmission<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a calf becomes ill:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use separate equipment where practical.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Care for healthy calves before sick calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Handle sick calves afterward.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wash hands appropriately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean boots.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean feeding and care equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce movement of manure from affected pens into healthy-calf areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housing for sick calves should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriately bedded;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Easy to observe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>8. Where Does a Calf-Diarrhea Outbreak Create Economic Loss?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most obvious consequence is the risk of calf mortality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the economic impact is broader.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Direct Costs<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farms may face increased costs for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrolytes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicines and treatment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary examinations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diagnostic testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cleaning and hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Growth<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calves that survive a severe episode may grow more slowly during recovery, particularly when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea is prolonged;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrient intake or absorption is reduced;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Systemic illness develops.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Replacement Heifers<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If growth is delayed, farms may incur additional costs to reach replacement-heifer growth targets.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Calf Losses<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In breeding cattle operations, calves represent part of the productive value generated from each reproductive cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High calf mortality therefore directly affects herd efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this reason, investment in:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>colostrum + hygiene + early detection + calf management<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may provide greater long-term value than focusing only on medicines after an outbreak has already developed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>9. Checklist for Managing a Newly Identified Diarrheic Calf<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20013\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20013\" style=\"width: 1038px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20013\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1313591145-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Monitoring and supportive care for a calf with diarrhea on a farm\" width=\"1048\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1313591145-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1313591145-612x612-1-300x143.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1048px) 100vw, 1048px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A calf-diarrhea checklist should include hydration status, suckling ability, body temperature, supportive care, and control of potential infection sources.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a calf is first found with diarrhea, the following sequence can be used as an initial farm checklist.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Assess the Calf<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can it stand?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does it still suckle?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are the eyes sunken?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the mouth dry?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is skin elasticity reduced?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is body temperature abnormal?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is there blood in the feces?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the calf markedly depressed?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Begin Supportive Care<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the calf can still drink:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide an appropriate oral electrolyte solution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continue milk feeding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor closely.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the calf does not suckle or cannot stand:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact a veterinarian.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assess the need for intravenous fluid therapy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Control Potential Sources of Infection<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate the sick calf.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limit shared equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remove manure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean the affected area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replace contaminated bedding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean hands and boots.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Review the Herd<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If additional cases occur:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compare the ages of affected calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review colostrum management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check milk-preparation procedures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review feeding-equipment hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider diagnostic testing when appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>10. Frequently Asked Questions About Calf Diarrhea and Enteritis<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20015\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20015\" style=\"width: 1003px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20015\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1271468343-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Frequently asked questions about calf diarrhea and enteritis\" width=\"1013\" height=\"675\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Common questions help clarify the causes of calf diarrhea, the roles of electrolytes, milk and antibiotics, and when veterinary care is needed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Does Every Calf With Diarrhea Have Enteritis?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea is a syndrome with multiple possible causes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be associated with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viruses;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parasites;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feeding-management errors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some causes produce marked intestinal mucosal inflammation, while others primarily cause abnormalities in secretion, digestion, or absorption.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Does a Calf That Still Suckles Need Supportive Management?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A calf that continues to suckle may still be losing substantial fluid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can be an appropriate stage to begin oral electrolyte supplementation when indicated rather than waiting until the calf becomes markedly weak or dehydrated.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should Milk Be Stopped When a Calf Has Diarrhea?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk should <\/span><b>not routinely be withheld<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the calf is still able to suckle, continue providing an appropriate amount of milk or milk replacer to help maintain energy intake.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>At What Age Are Calves Most Susceptible to Diarrhea?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The risk is particularly important during the first weeks of life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, different pathogens show different age distributions, and mixed infections can occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age should therefore be used to guide investigation, not as a stand-alone diagnosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should Antibiotics Be Used to Prevent Calf Diarrhea?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine preventive antibiotic use in healthy calves is not recommended.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevention should instead prioritize:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colostrum;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hygiene;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manure management;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosecurity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Can Calf Diarrhea Be a Risk to Humans?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It depends on the causative agent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of particular importance, <\/span><b><i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i><\/b><b> is zoonotic and can infect humans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personnel caring for affected calves should:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wear gloves when appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wash hands thoroughly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean boots.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize direct contact with feces.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with weakened immune systems should exercise particular caution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When Should a Veterinarian Be Contacted?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not wait for an arbitrary 24-hour period if a calf already has:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of suckling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clear dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inability to stand;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever or hypothermia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blood in the feces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe depression or collapse;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple calves developing disease at the same time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Strengthening Calf-Diarrhea Prevention at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calf diarrhea demonstrates that effective disease prevention depends on an entire management chain beginning before birth and continuing through the first weeks of life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colostrum management, calving-area hygiene, feeding equipment, bedding, water quality, nutrition, and early disease detection can all influence disease risk.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides a specialized networking platform for livestock producers, <\/span><b>veterinary technicians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, businesses, and solution providers serving the dairy- and beef-cattle value chains.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The event is expected to bring together more than <\/span><b>300 brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, over <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from more than <\/span><b>40 countries and territories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For calf-health management, visitors can explore products and solutions related to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Animal health, veterinary medicines, and vaccines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dairy equipment, feeding equipment, and drinking-water equipment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Animal nutrition and feed additives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Biosecurity, hygiene, and disinfection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Information systems, data solutions, and farm-management technologies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These solutions can help farms move from treating individual calves only after diarrhea develops toward a more systematic approach to colostrum management, hygiene, nutrition, <\/span><b>control of sources of infection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and herd-health monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows in Bac Ninh, Dong Thap and Ho Chi Minh City<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, VIETSTOCK 2026 continues to bring practical knowledge on herd management, disease prevention, farm hygiene, and biosecurity to key livestock-producing regions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Event website:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIETSTOCK 2026 English website<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/\"><b>Visitor registration for VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-livestock-roadshows-bringing-industry-knowledge-to-key-livestock-regions\/\"><b>Learn more about the VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact information:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enteritis and diarrhea in calves can quickly lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and weakness. Learn the key signs, common causes, supportive care, and practical prevention measures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20020,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Calf Enteritis and Diarrhea: Signs, Causes and Prevention<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about enteritis in calves, including diarrhea signs, dehydration, common causes, supportive care, and practical prevention measures on farms.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/tin-nganh\/benh-viem-ruot-o-bo-con\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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