{"id":19998,"date":"2026-09-03T14:13:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:13:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=19998"},"modified":"2026-08-28T11:18:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T04:18:48","slug":"postpartum-metritis-in-cattle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/postpartum-metritis-in-cattle\/","title":{"rendered":"Postpartum Metritis and Endometritis in Cattle: Clinical Signs, Risk Factors, and Prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After calving, a cow\u2019s uterus requires several weeks to undergo involution, eliminate postpartum discharge, and regenerate the endometrium. During this period, the presence of uterine or vaginal discharge does <\/span><b>not automatically mean that the cow has metritis or endometritis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What matters is how the discharge changes over time and whether it is accompanied by other findings such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lethargy or systemic illness;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk factors such as dystocia or retained fetal membranes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In postpartum cattle, it is also important to distinguish between two conditions that may both be broadly described as \u201cuterine inflammation\u201d:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Metritis:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> primarily occurs during the first few weeks after calving and may be accompanied by systemic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Endometritis:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is generally evaluated later in the postpartum period. A commonly used clinical definition includes purulent discharge from approximately 21 days postpartum or mucopurulent discharge from approximately 26 days postpartum, without obvious systemic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This distinction helps livestock producers avoid two common errors: treating every postpartum discharge as disease or, conversely, overlooking cows that are showing genuine signs of postpartum uterine disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article focuses primarily on <\/span><b>cattle, particularly dairy cows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The timelines discussed below should not be applied unchanged to goats, sheep, horses, or other livestock species.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. After Calving, What Is Normal and What Requires Attention?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19986\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19986\" style=\"width: 964px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19986\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1311887574-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle during the postpartum period requiring reproductive health monitoring\" width=\"974\" height=\"649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1311887574-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1311887574-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19986\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">After calving, cows should be monitored for discharge, feed intake, milk production, and overall condition to distinguish normal recovery from uterine disease.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immediately after calving, the uterus begins the process of <\/span><b>uterine involution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, gradually returning toward its non-pregnant state.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During this process:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uterine size gradually decreases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum uterine discharge, or lochia, is expelled.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The endometrium undergoes repair and regeneration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local immune defenses respond to bacteria that may enter the reproductive tract during and after parturition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cattle, uterine involution occurs over several weeks and often approaches completion at approximately <\/span><b>40\u201345 days postpartum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, although the rate of recovery varies among individual cows.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Does the Presence of Bacteria in the Postpartum Uterus Mean the Cow Is Diseased?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria may enter the reproductive tract after calving, but not every cow develops metritis or endometritis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether disease develops depends on multiple factors, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of tissue trauma during calving;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uterine involution;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immune function;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metabolic status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hygiene of the calving area;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degree of obstetrical intervention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Healthy cows may eliminate much of the bacterial contamination as normal postpartum recovery progresses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Does Red or Brown Postpartum Discharge Mean the Cow Has Metritis?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not necessarily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the early postpartum period, lochia may be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reddish-brown;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable in color and consistency as recovery progresses.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, <\/span><b>discharge color alone is not sufficient to diagnose uterine disease<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greater concern is warranted when abnormal discharge occurs together with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A distinctly fetid odor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An unusually large amount of discharge;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lethargy or marked systemic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>2. The First 24 Hours After Calving: Monitor Dystocia, Trauma, and Retained Fetal Membranes<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Part of the risk of postpartum uterine disease is established during the calving process itself.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this reason, postpartum records should begin at calving rather than only when abnormal discharge is first noticed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>How Does Dystocia Increase Risk?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged calving or extensive obstetrical intervention may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase tissue trauma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase exposure of the reproductive tract to bacteria;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delay recovery;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create conditions that favor bacterial proliferation within the postpartum uterus.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particular attention should be given to cows that experience:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assisted fetal extraction;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An oversized calf;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetal malposition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twin birth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stillbirth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged obstetrical intervention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Hygiene During Calving Assistance Is Important<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Practices that may increase the risk of bacterial contamination include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failing to clean hands appropriately before intervention.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not using clean, disposable long obstetrical gloves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using obstetrical chains, ropes, or equipment that have not been appropriately cleaned and disinfected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeatedly using contaminated equipment during intervention.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inadequate lubrication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Applying traction too early or using inappropriate force.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective of assisted calving is not simply to deliver the calf. The procedure should also <\/span><b>minimize trauma and reduce the introduction of bacteria into the reproductive tract<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>When Are Retained Fetal Membranes Identified in Cattle?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under normal circumstances, fetal membranes are usually expelled during the first several hours after calving.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the fetal membranes have not been expelled within <\/span><b>24 hours after calving<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the condition is commonly classified as <\/span><b>retained fetal membranes (RFM), often referred to as retained placenta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RFM is an important risk factor for postpartum metritis, but:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Retained fetal membranes do not mean that the cow already has metritis.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These cows should instead be placed in a higher-risk postpartum monitoring group.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Should the Retained Membranes Be Pulled or Manually Removed?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manual removal or forceful pulling is <\/span><b>not recommended as a routine farm practice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doing so may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cause tissue trauma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unnecessarily interfere with the recovering uterus;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complicate postpartum recovery.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead, monitor:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall clinical condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body temperature when disease is suspected;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Characteristics of uterine or vaginal discharge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>3. The Early Postpartum Period: When Should Metritis Be Suspected?<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19988\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19988\" style=\"width: 856px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19988\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1224663785-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle being monitored for postpartum health in a farm housing area\" width=\"866\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1224663785-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1224663785-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19988\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the first days after calving, changes in discharge, appetite, milk production, and systemic condition can help identify cows at risk of metritis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Metritis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> primarily occurs during the first few weeks after calving.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More severe cases, often described as <\/span><b>acute puerperal metritis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, may involve both uterine abnormalities and systemic illness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farm personnel should therefore evaluate a <\/span><b>combination of clinical findings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rather than judging the cow solely by the appearance of discharge.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What Characteristics of Uterine Discharge Are Concerning?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal discharge may be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unusually watery;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reddish-brown;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clearly fetid;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Present in large amounts;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufficient to contaminate the tail and vulvar area.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, discharge should always be interpreted together with the cow\u2019s overall condition.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Systemic Clinical Signs<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows with more severe metritis may show:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anorexia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lethargy;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced activity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depression or systemic illness;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever in some cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A rectal temperature above approximately <\/span><b>39.5\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly when accompanied by other signs of systemic disease, is an important finding in postpartum cows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Not every cow with metritis develops fever.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using body temperature as the only screening criterion can therefore result in affected cows being missed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Which Cows Should Be Monitored More Closely?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher-risk cows include those with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stillbirth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twin birth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assisted fetal extraction;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake around calving;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metabolic disorders;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor overall condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These cows should be identified in farm records from the day of calving so that staff know they require closer postpartum monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>4. Later in the Postpartum Period: When Should Endometritis Be Considered?<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metritis and endometritis should not be treated as the same condition differing only in severity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Clinical endometritis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is generally assessed later in the postpartum period.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A commonly used clinical definition in cattle is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina from approximately 21 days postpartum, or mucopurulent discharge from approximately 26 days postpartum, without obvious systemic illness.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This differs from more severe postpartum metritis, which usually occurs earlier and may involve systemic disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why Does Endometritis Matter if the Cow Is Still Eating Normally?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Endometritis may not cause:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High fever;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe depression;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marked loss of appetite.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, persistent endometrial inflammation may negatively affect subsequent reproductive performance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows with a history of metritis or endometritis may experience:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delayed return to reproductive cyclicity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced likelihood of conception;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More inseminations required before pregnancy;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A longer interval from calving to the next pregnancy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These reproductive outcomes are generally <\/span><b>later consequences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not early clinical signs that should be relied upon to detect metritis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Do Not Confuse Endometritis With Vaginitis or Cervicitis<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presence of discharge at the vulva does not prove that the discharge originates from the uterus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other conditions may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vaginitis<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inflammation is primarily located in the vagina and may be associated with trauma or <\/span><b>localized infection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following assisted calving.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Cervicitis<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inflammation is primarily located in the cervix and may occur alongside other reproductive-tract disorders.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Metritis\/endometritis<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These conditions involve the uterus or endometrium.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When differentiation is necessary, a veterinarian may combine:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical examination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaginal examination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uterine assessment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluation of systemic health;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other appropriate diagnostic methods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>5. Why Are Some Cows More Susceptible to Postpartum Uterine Disease?<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19990\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19990\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19990\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-167648100-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle with risk factors associated with postpartum metritis and endometritis\" width=\"903\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-167648100-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-167648100-612x612-1-300x196.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19990\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Risk of postpartum uterine disease may increase with dystocia, retained fetal membranes, reproductive-tract trauma, metabolic disorders, or poor hygiene conditions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum uterine disease is not simply a problem of a \u201cdirty barn.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple factors commonly interact.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can be grouped into three broad categories.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Group 1: Calving-Related Factors<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important factors include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assisted fetal extraction;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twin birth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stillbirth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproductive-tract trauma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extensive obstetrical intervention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows experiencing these events should automatically be considered for a higher-risk category within the farm\u2019s postpartum monitoring program.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Group 2: Environment and Hygiene<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calving areas may increase bacterial exposure when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flooring or bedding is wet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manure accumulation is high.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bedding is contaminated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equipment is shared among cows without adequate cleaning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The perineal and vulvar areas are heavily contaminated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calving pens are not appropriately prepared before use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Metritis may involve multiple groups of opportunistic bacteria and disruption of the normal uterine microbial environment.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One or two bacterial species should not be assumed to explain every case of metritis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Group 3: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Condition<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The transition period before and after calving places substantial physiological demands on dairy cows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Factors associated with postpartum disease risk or impaired uterine recovery may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inappropriate body condition before calving;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake around parturition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hypocalcemia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ketosis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged negative energy balance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other metabolic disturbances.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vitamin E and selenium have important roles in immune and reproductive health, but:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vitamin E or selenium supplementation should not be treated as a specific preventive treatment for metritis or endometritis.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rations and supplementation programs should be based on actual nutritional requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selenium in particular can become toxic when excessive amounts are administered.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>6. How Can Postpartum Uterine Disease Affect Reproduction and Farm Performance?<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a farm considers only the cost of an individual veterinary visit or treatment, the broader economic effect of postpartum uterine disease may be underestimated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The consequences can extend into the next reproductive cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Breeding and Pregnancy Performance<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows with a history of metritis or endometritis may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Return to reproductive cyclicity later;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have lower conception rates;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Require more inseminations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take longer to become pregnant again.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, delayed pregnancy should not automatically be attributed to uterine disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproductive performance is also influenced by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nutrition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovarian activity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estrus-detection programs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insemination technique;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other postpartum diseases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Milk Production<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe metritis may be associated with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Systemic illness;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deterioration in body condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production may consequently decline during the period of illness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, not every postpartum decrease in milk production should be attributed to uterine disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Direct and Indirect Costs<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potential farm costs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Direct costs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary examination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment when indicated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional labor and care.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Reproductive costs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased number of inseminations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Longer interval to subsequent pregnancy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Production costs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production in systemically affected cows.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Risk of culling<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows with persistently poor reproductive performance may be removed from the herd earlier than planned.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>7. Prevention of Postpartum Uterine Disease Should Begin Before Calving<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19992\" style=\"width: 1022px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196249891-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Pre-calving herd management to help prevent postpartum uterine disease\" width=\"1032\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196249891-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1196249891-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1032px) 100vw, 1032px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevention of metritis should begin before calving through appropriate nutrition, calving-area hygiene, obstetrical management, and postpartum monitoring.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective prevention cannot begin only when fetid discharge is detected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management should continue from the pre-calving period through the postpartum weeks.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Stage 1: Before Calving<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The calving area should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relatively free of manure and excessive organic material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepared according to the farm\u2019s biosecurity SOP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate supplies should be available, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean disposable long obstetrical gloves;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obstetrical ropes or chains;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriately cleaned obstetrical equipment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary obstetrical lubricant.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no need to impose an arbitrary rule such as cleaning a calving pen exactly one or two days before expected calving.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The objective is for <\/span><b>the cow to enter a clean, dry calving environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Stage 2: During Calving<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important principles include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor the progression of labor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid intervening too early.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intervene when assistance is genuinely needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use adequate lubrication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize tissue trauma.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep equipment clean.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Change gloves when they become clearly contaminated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid inappropriate traction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After calving, record whether the cow experienced:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Normal calving or dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assisted fetal extraction;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twin birth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stillbirth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trauma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other abnormalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These records help identify cows that require closer postpartum monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Stage 3: The First 24\u201372 Hours After Calving<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expulsion of the fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum discharge;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs of weakness or systemic disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the fetal membranes have not been expelled after <\/span><b>24 hours<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, record the cow as having retained fetal membranes and place her in a higher-risk monitoring group.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not independently pull or manually remove the retained membranes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clean perineal and vulvar area;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry bedding;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clean resting area;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Easy access to feed and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If fetid discharge develops together with reduced feed intake, reduced milk production, or systemic clinical signs, veterinary assessment is warranted.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Stage 4: Monitoring From Day 7 to Approximately Day 45<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following timeline can be used as a practical reference:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Period<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Points to Monitor<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Days 1\u20137<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake, milk production, postpartum discharge, body temperature when disease is suspected, and clinical signs of metritis<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Days 7\u201314<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recovery trend, decreasing postpartum discharge, and overall clinical condition<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Days 21\u201330<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluation of cows at risk of endometritis or delayed uterine involution<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Days 30\u201345<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproductive recovery and persistent abnormalities<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is <\/span><b>no need to wait until a predetermined screening day if a cow develops signs of disease earlier<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, if on day three a cow already has:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetid discharge;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anorexia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weakness or systemic illness,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the farm should not wait until day seven before seeking assessment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>8. When Should a Veterinarian Be Contacted Promptly?<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early veterinary assessment is warranted when a cow develops:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clearly fetid uterine discharge;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever together with reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A marked decline in milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lethargy or systemic depression;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rapid deterioration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal postpartum recovery following dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained fetal membranes together with systemic clinical signs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproductive-tract trauma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure to recover as expected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Livestock producers should not independently administer:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intrauterine medicines;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hormones;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other postpartum medicines<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solely because abnormal discharge is visible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A veterinarian should assess:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the condition is metritis or endometritis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease severity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall systemic condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concurrent postpartum disorders;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether treatment is indicated and which treatment approach is appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>9. Frequently Asked Questions About Postpartum Metritis and Endometritis<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19994\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19994\" style=\"width: 997px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19994\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-2156244492-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Monitoring reproductive and postpartum health of cattle on a farm\" width=\"1007\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-2156244492-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-2156244492-612x612-1-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1007px) 100vw, 1007px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19994\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Postpartum records and herd monitoring can help identify cows at risk of metritis or endometritis and support timely management decisions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Can Postpartum Uterine Disease Resolve Without Treatment?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some cows can eliminate postpartum bacterial contamination and recover normally without developing persistent uterine disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, veterinary assessment should not be delayed when genuine signs of disease are present.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In particular, suspected <\/span><b>acute puerperal metritis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> accompanied by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced milk production;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dehydration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Systemic depression<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">requires timely veterinary assessment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When Should the Uterus Be Checked After Calving?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no single examination day that applies to every cow.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the first several days after calving, cows should be monitored routinely.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cows with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dystocia;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twin birth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stillbirth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical illness<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">require earlier and closer attention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From approximately <\/span><b>21 days postpartum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, higher-risk cows or cows with abnormal discharge may be included in the herd\u2019s endometritis assessment program. Interpretation of discharge should also consider that commonly used clinical definitions distinguish purulent discharge from approximately day 21 and mucopurulent discharge from approximately day 26 postpartum.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Does Reddish-Brown Discharge After Calving Mean Metritis?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not necessarily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Normal postpartum lochia can be red or reddish-brown during the early postpartum period.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More important considerations include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amount;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall clinical condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk production.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Should Retained Fetal Membranes Be Pulled Out?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manual removal or forceful pulling should not be performed routinely.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cattle, when fetal membranes have not been expelled within <\/span><b>24 hours after calving<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the condition should be recorded as retained fetal membranes and the cow should receive appropriate postpartum monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can Metritis Spread Directly From One Cow to Another?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typical postpartum metritis should not be considered a directly contagious disease in the same way as conventional infectious diseases that spread readily between animals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, calving-pen hygiene, equipment hygiene, and clean obstetrical practices remain important because contaminated environments and poor hygiene can increase postpartum bacterial exposure across multiple cows within a herd.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can Vitamins and Minerals Completely Prevent Metritis?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate nutrition can support:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General health;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immune function;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metabolism;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum recovery.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, vitamins and minerals do not replace:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calving-area hygiene;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate obstetrical procedures;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management of retained fetal membranes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum monitoring;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control of metabolic disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Improving Reproductive Health Management in Cattle at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postpartum uterine disease demonstrates that reproductive health management does not begin only after a cow has calved.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disease risk may develop during the transition period and can be influenced by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The condition of the calving area;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The progression of labor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The degree of obstetrical intervention;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Placental status after calving;<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metabolic status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The way cows are monitored during the first postpartum weeks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An effective prevention program therefore connects <\/span><b>nutrition, reproductive management, hygiene, veterinary care, and postpartum data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rather than focusing only on treatment after abnormal discharge has appeared.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides an industry networking platform for livestock producers, veterinarians, businesses, technology providers, and other organizations across the livestock value chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The event is expected to bring together more than <\/span><b>300 brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, over <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from more than <\/span><b>40 countries and territories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For reproductive health and postpartum management, visitors can explore:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solutions for <\/span><b>breeding, reproduction, and herd-data management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nutrition, minerals, vitamins, and electrolyte products<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> supporting transition-period management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supplies for <\/span><b>calving assistance, hygiene, and postpartum care<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solutions for <\/span><b>health monitoring, abnormality alerts, and reproductive-data recording<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technologies supporting <\/span><b>farm management and data-driven decision-making<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows in Bac Ninh, Dong Thap and Ho Chi Minh City<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> continues to bring practical knowledge on herd management, disease prevention, biosecurity, and improving livestock production efficiency to key livestock-producing regions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For livestock farms, this also provides an opportunity to approach <\/span><b>reproductive health as part of a long-term herd management system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, rather than addressing individual postpartum cases in isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Event website:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIETSTOCK 2026 English website<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/\"><b>Visitor registration for VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-livestock-roadshows-bringing-industry-knowledge-to-key-livestock-regions\/\"><b>Learn more about the VIETSTOCK 2026 Livestock Roadshows<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact information:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how to recognize postpartum metritis and endometritis in cattle, identify key risk factors after calving, and improve prevention through better hygiene, calving management, and postpartum monitoring.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":19999,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Postpartum 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