{"id":19605,"date":"2026-08-14T16:19:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T09:19:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=19605"},"modified":"2026-08-11T16:36:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T09:36:27","slug":"veterinary-sample-preservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/tin-nganh\/veterinary-sample-preservation\/","title":{"rendered":"Preserving Veterinary Diagnostic Samples: Temperature, Holding Time, Packaging, and Transport"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary sample preservation begins immediately after collection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the moment a specimen enters a tube, container, or transport medium, its diagnostic quality may change because of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Light exposure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shaking;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microbial contamination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell breakdown;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated freezing and thawing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect transport media;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incomplete identification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A sample may be collected correctly but still lose diagnostic value before reaching the laboratory if it remains at room temperature for too long, is frozen when chilling was required, or arrives without a reliable collection time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The appropriate preservation method depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specimen type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suspected agent;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Testing method;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether viable microorganisms need to be isolated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Required transport time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube or preservation medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receiving laboratory instructions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is therefore no universal storage temperature or maximum transport time that applies to every veterinary specimen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A suitable preservation plan should be prepared before sampling begins.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Professional and Biosafety Note<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article provides general practical guidance. It does not replace:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instructions from the receiving laboratory;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinary advice;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test-kit requirements;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farm operating procedures;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carrier requirements;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosafety rules;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulations governing biological-specimen transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a dangerous infectious disease, notifiable disease, or high-biosecurity-risk agent is suspected, contact the competent veterinary authority or designated laboratory before preserving, packaging, or transporting the specimens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-risk samples should not be moved independently through routine delivery channels without appropriate authorization and instructions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>1. Preservation Is Part of the Diagnostic Process<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory testing does not begin only when the sample reaches the testing bench.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pre-analytical process includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selecting the animal;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collecting the correct specimen;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Placing it in the correct container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stabilizing it after collection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintaining the required temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packaging it safely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recording the collection and storage history;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delivering it within the accepted holding time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A failure at any stage may affect the final result.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Possible consequences of poor preservation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A poorly preserved sample may lead to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial overgrowth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of viable pathogens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degradation of genetic material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Altered biochemical values;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Damaged cell morphology;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">False-negative findings;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Misleading positive findings caused by contamination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeat sampling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delayed disease-control decisions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory can assess the sample received, but it cannot fully restore material that has already deteriorated.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>2. Confirm Requirements Before Collection<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The person submitting the specimens should contact the laboratory before sampling whenever the requirements are unclear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specimen type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube or container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Short-term storage temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maximum accepted holding time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether freezing is permitted;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether dry ice is required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether live-agent isolation is planned;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether samples may be pooled;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Required package type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory receiving hours;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documentation requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Why the planned test matters<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The same specimen may need different handling depending on the test.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue for bacterial culture may need rapid chilled transport;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue for histopathology may require fixation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue for molecular testing may require another storage method;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum for short-term serology may be chilled;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum retained for later testing may need freezing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whole blood for hematology should generally not be frozen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preservation decisions should follow the diagnostic objective, not only the visible sample type.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>3. Four Questions for Every Specimen<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before placing a sample into storage, ask:<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Question 1: Does the laboratory need living organisms?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the objective is bacterial or viral isolation, inappropriate freezing, disinfectant exposure, or unsuitable transport media may reduce organism viability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Question 2: Does the laboratory need intact cells?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hematology and selected cytology tests may require cells to remain structurally intact.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing, extreme heat, delayed delivery, or vigorous shaking may make the sample unsuitable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Question 3: Does the laboratory need stable genetic material, antigen, or antibody?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular and serological tests may tolerate different conditions from culture or hematology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, repeated freeze-thaw cycles or prolonged unsuitable storage may still affect quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Question 4: Does the specimen need chemical fixation?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Histopathology samples are usually preserved differently from fresh specimens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A tissue sample placed in formalin generally cannot be treated as the same specimen intended for routine microbial isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>4. Separate Samples by Diagnostic Purpose<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When one organ or specimen may be needed for several tests, divide it into separate containers before preservation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue for bacterial culture;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh or specially preserved tissue for molecular testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formalin-fixed tissue for histopathology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each container should have its own label and test purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not place all tissue into one container and expect the laboratory to use it for every test.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5. Main Veterinary Specimen Groups<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure style=\"width: 957px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-2282383789-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Fresh animal tissue samples prepared for veterinary diagnostic testing\" width=\"967\" height=\"545\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fresh tissue and organ samples should be stored under appropriate conditions and transported promptly to reduce decomposition and contamination.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><b>5.1 EDTA Whole Blood<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EDTA whole blood is commonly used for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hematology;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blood-cell evaluation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selected molecular tests when accepted by the laboratory;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detection of certain blood-borne agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Immediate handling<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After collection:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close the tube securely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gently invert it according to the tube or laboratory instructions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure blood mixes with the anticoagulant;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not shake vigorously;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check for visible clotting;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Label the tube immediately.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Preservation priorities<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whole blood for hematology generally needs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prompt delivery;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlled chilled conditions when instructed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from freezing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from direct contact with ice;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimal shaking.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Common quality problems<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clot formation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underfilled tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect anticoagulant ratio;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive delay;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clotted EDTA sample may not be suitable for a complete blood count.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.2 Serum<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum is commonly used for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serology;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibody detection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selected biochemical tests;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immune-response assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Initial processing<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A general process may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collect blood into a suitable tube without anticoagulant;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow the blood to clot;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate the serum according to the laboratory procedure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transfer the serum to a clean labelled tube if required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place it under the correct storage conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The clotting and separation procedure should follow the tube type and laboratory guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Short-term preservation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separated serum may often be kept chilled for short-term transport when instructed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Longer-term preservation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory may recommend freezing when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Testing will be delayed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional testing may be required later;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samples are retained for comparison;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibody dynamics are being monitored.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Important precautions<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid repeated freezing and thawing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divide a large sample into smaller aliquots before freezing when appropriate;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent contamination during serum transfer;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not leave blood unseparated for an excessive period if this may affect the test.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>5.3 Plasma<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasma is collected from blood containing an anticoagulant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its suitability depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anticoagulant type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test method;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory acceptance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Processing time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EDTA, heparin, citrate, and other anticoagulants should not be treated as interchangeable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm the required tube before collection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.4 Swabs<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swabs may be collected from:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nasal passages;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oropharyngeal region;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trachea;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cloaca;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rectum;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lesions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental surfaces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other sites requested by the laboratory.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Immediate handling<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After collection:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place the swab into the correct transport medium where required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secure or break the shaft as designed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close the tube tightly;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Label immediately;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place it under the required temperature conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Preservation priorities<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not let the swab dry unless the laboratory specifically accepts a dry swab;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use the correct transport medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deliver promptly;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid repeated temperature changes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protect the tube from leakage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One transport medium should not be assumed suitable for every bacterium, virus, or molecular test.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.5 Fresh Tissue and Organs<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue may be submitted for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial culture;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral isolation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toxicology;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other specialized tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Immediate handling<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place tissue into a sterile or suitable clean container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep different organs separate where required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close the container securely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent contamination with intestinal content;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent contact with disinfectants;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Label the organ and animal clearly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Preservation priorities<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue usually needs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rapid transport;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suitable chilled conditions where instructed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection from decomposition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separation from formalin-fixed specimens.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Freezing caution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not freeze tissue intended for live microbial isolation unless the receiving laboratory specifically instructs it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing may reduce the viability of some organisms and make isolation more difficult.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.6 Histopathology Tissue<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Histopathology samples are usually preserved in an appropriate fixative, commonly 10% neutral buffered formalin when directed by the laboratory.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Preparation principles<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select representative tissue;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Include the lesion margin where appropriate;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid pieces that are too thick;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use enough fixative to surround the tissue;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close the container securely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Label it clearly as fixed tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Important separation rule<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not place fresh tissue and formalin-fixed tissue in the same container.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formalin may make the specimen unsuitable for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine bacterial culture;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral isolation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some molecular tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formalin containers should also be packaged separately from fresh specimens to prevent leakage and vapour exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.7 Fecal Samples<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feces may be submitted for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parasite examination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular tests;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestive investigations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Immediate handling<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collect fresh material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place it in a clean sealed container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid excessive litter, soil, or water contamination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Label immediately;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preserve according to the intended test.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Different tests require different handling<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A sample intended for parasite examination may require a different preservation method from one intended for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial culture;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viral detection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not add a preservative unless the laboratory instructs it.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.8 Urine<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine quality may change after collection because of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial growth;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell breakdown;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crystal formation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pH changes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should generally be delivered and processed promptly or preserved according to the intended test.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not apply one holding time to every urinalysis or culture request.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.9 Milk<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk specimens may be submitted for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial culture;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mastitis investigation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Residue screening;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quality analysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular testing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preservation requirements depend on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test objective;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection method;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether culture is required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport delay;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory procedure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk for bacterial culture should be protected carefully from environmental and teat-surface contamination.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>5.10 Environmental Samples<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental specimens may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface swabs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Litter;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bedding;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dust;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equipment swabs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage material.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These samples should be stored and transported according to the intended test and should not be packaged in a way that contaminates animal specimens.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>6. Reference Preservation Matrix<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The table below provides general orientation only. The receiving laboratory\u2019s instructions take priority.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Specimen<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Common short-term approach<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Freezing considerations<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Main risk<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EDTA whole blood<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled and delivered promptly when instructed<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally avoid freezing for hematology<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clotting, hemolysis, cell damage<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled for short-term testing<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May be frozen for longer storage when accepted<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemolysis, repeated freeze-thaw cycles<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasma<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled according to test requirements<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on anticoagulant and test<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect tube, delayed separation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swab in transport medium<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prompt chilled transport where instructed<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on agent and test<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drying, wrong medium, loss of viability<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue for culture<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled and delivered early<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not freeze without laboratory approval<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposition, contamination, loss of viable organisms<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue for molecular testing<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled or frozen depending on protocol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep freezing may be required for some tests<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetic-material degradation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Histopathology tissue<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixed according to laboratory guidance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Usually not handled as a fresh frozen specimen<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inadequate fixation, pieces too thick<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feces<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deliver early; chilling or preservative may be required<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on parasite, culture, or molecular test<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overgrowth, drying, incorrect preservative<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test promptly or preserve as instructed<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on test<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial growth and chemical change<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled and delivered early where instructed<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on intended test<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contamination, bacterial growth<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h1><b>7. Temperature Categories<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure style=\"width: 1089px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1300291177-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinary diagnostic sample tubes stored in a chilled transport container\" width=\"1099\" height=\"731\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chilled storage can help preserve selected veterinary specimens during short-term holding and transport, depending on laboratory requirements.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><b>7.1 Ambient temperature<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine room-temperature holding is not appropriate for many diagnostic samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, temporary ambient conditions may be part of a specific process, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allowing a blood specimen to clot before serum separation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holding formalin-fixed tissue according to an approved procedure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using a specimen or kit designed for ambient transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ambient storage should only be used when the procedure supports it.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>7.2 Chilled storage<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A chilled range such as <\/span><b>2\u20138\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is commonly used as a practical reference for many short-term specimen-transport situations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, it is not suitable for every specimen or test.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilled storage may be considered for selected:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whole-blood specimens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasma;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swabs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feces;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory should confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accepted range;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holding time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the specimen may directly contact cooling materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>7.3 Frozen storage<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing may be considered when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport cannot occur within the accepted timeframe;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samples are retained for later analysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular testing is planned;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum is stored for future comparison;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory specifically requires frozen specimens.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing should not be selected simply because \u201ccolder is better.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>7.4 Deep-frozen storage<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperatures such as <\/span><b>\u201320\u00b0C or \u201370\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may be required for selected specimens and specialized tests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The appropriate temperature depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specimen;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Target agent;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test method;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Required storage duration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory capability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The submitting unit should not select between \u201320\u00b0C and \u201370\u00b0C without laboratory confirmation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>8. Why Inappropriate Freezing Can Damage Samples<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rupture cells;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cause hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alter cell morphology;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce viability of live bacteria or viruses;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Affect tissue structure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Damage selected antigens or proteins;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crack unsuitable containers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whole blood for hematology is a common example of a specimen that generally should not be frozen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh tissue for live-agent isolation should also not be frozen without approval.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>9. Avoid Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycles<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated freezing and thawing may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Degrade nucleic acids;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alter proteins;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Damage antigens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Change antibody-test performance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce isolation potential;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produce inconsistent results.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Use aliquots where appropriate<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a sample may be tested more than once:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate it into smaller labelled tubes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freeze each aliquot once;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thaw only the volume required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record which aliquot was used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aliquoting should be performed using clean technique and suitable containers.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>10. Protect Samples From Direct Ice Contact<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample tubes should not usually be left loose in melting ice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct contact may cause:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube-label damage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water entry around closures;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature shock;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freezing of samples that should remain chilled;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube breakage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cross-contamination after leakage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sealed secondary packaging;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube racks;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dividers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absorbent material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold packs separated from the primary containers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>11. Control Time as Carefully as Temperature<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A correct temperature does not make a specimen stable indefinitely.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The acceptable holding time depends on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Target agent;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial sample quality;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage conditions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">References such as <\/span><b>24\u201348 hours<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may appear in technical materials for certain specimens, but they should not be applied universally.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory should confirm the actual accepted timeframe.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Record the complete timeline<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial processing time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time placed under refrigeration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packaging time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dispatch time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrival time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory receipt time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This allows the laboratory to assess whether the specimen remained within the accepted interval.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>12. Immediate Post-Collection Stabilization<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19595\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19595\" style=\"width: 974px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19595\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1206806125-612x612-2.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory technician handling veterinary specimen containers after sample collection\" width=\"984\" height=\"698\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1206806125-612x612-2.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1206806125-612x612-2-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19595\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veterinary samples should be stabilized promptly after collection through proper processing, labeling and temperature control.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><b>Whole blood<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mix gently with the anticoagulant;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the tube fill;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protect from shaking;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place under the required temperature conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Serum<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow clotting under appropriate conditions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate serum when required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transfer to a labelled tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chill or freeze according to the plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Swabs<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insert into the correct medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close tightly;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place under the required conditions immediately.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Fresh tissue<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place in a suitable sterile container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep separate by animal and organ;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chill promptly when instructed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Histopathology tissue<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place in the correct fixative;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure adequate solution surrounds the tissue;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package separately from fresh samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Feces and urine<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close securely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place under the required conditions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record collection time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>13. Triple-Layer Packaging<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19597\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19597\" style=\"width: 977px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19597\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1277062511-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Diagnostic sample tubes prepared in an insulated container for laboratory transport\" width=\"987\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1277062511-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-1277062511-612x612-1-300x202.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 987px) 100vw, 987px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19597\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Triple-layer packaging helps protect veterinary specimens from leakage, physical damage and temperature changes during transport.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Triple packaging helps protect:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample quality;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory personnel;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport workers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The environment;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documents accompanying the shipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Layer 1: Primary container<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary container directly holds the specimen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compatible with the sample;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Securely closed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leak-resistant;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clearly labelled;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free from cracks;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appropriate for the planned temperature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Screw-cap tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blood tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sterile specimen cup;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sealed tissue container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swab transport tube.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Layer 2: Secondary packaging<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The secondary container protects against leakage from the primary layer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leak-resistant bag or rigid box;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufficient absorbent material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separation between breakable tubes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clear sample-group identification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absorbent material should be sufficient to contain the liquid if a primary tube leaks.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Layer 3: Outer transport package<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The outer package provides:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical protection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature control;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Space for cooling materials;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Safe handling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">External labelling where required.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insulated cooler;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rigid transport box;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approved biological-specimen shipper.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>14. Keep Documents Separate From Specimens<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submission forms should not be placed directly beside wet tubes or melting ice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place the documents:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a separate waterproof bag;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outside the secondary specimen container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inside the outer package where appropriate;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a position protected from leakage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sample list should match the actual contents of the package.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>15. Using Cold Packs<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold packs are commonly used for chilled transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Preparation<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freeze or pre-chill them in advance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare enough for the expected journey;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider weather and vehicle temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use additional packs for long transport where appropriate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Placement<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place packs around the secondary container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use cushioning or a divider;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent direct tube contact;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid crushing the specimen container.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>During transport<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep the box closed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid direct sunlight;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not leave it in a hot vehicle;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimize unnecessary opening.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>16. Using Dry Ice<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry ice may be required for selected frozen specimens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should only be used when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory requires frozen transport;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The specimen is compatible;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The carrier accepts dry ice;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The packer understands the safety requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Main precautions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry ice:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produces carbon dioxide gas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can cause cold burns;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May create pressure in an airtight package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May crack tubes through thermal shock;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires suitable outer packaging and ventilation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seal dry ice in a completely airtight container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Handle it with bare hands;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow unsuitable sample tubes to rest directly against it;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use it for specimens that should remain chilled rather than frozen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>17. Transport Temperature Monitoring<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For high-value, long-distance, official, or sensitive shipments, temperature monitoring may be useful.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible tools include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Min-max thermometer;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature indicator;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data logger;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital monitoring sensor.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Records may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature at packing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Highest and lowest recorded temperatures;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport duration;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excursion events;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature on laboratory receipt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A monitoring device does not replace correct packaging, but it helps assess whether the cold chain was maintained.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>18. Plan Long-Distance Transport<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before dispatch, calculate:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Travel time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potential delays;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory closing time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weather;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Availability of cold packs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Need for dry ice;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courier acceptance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weekend or holiday schedules;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergency contact.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Contact the laboratory before dispatch<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of specimens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample types;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suspected disease;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dispatch time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estimated arrival;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any quality concerns.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory can prepare for immediate receipt or provide corrective instructions before the specimens leave.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>19. External Courier and Carrier Requirements<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When using a delivery service:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm that biological specimens are accepted;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm chilled or frozen transport capability;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follow carrier packaging rules;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide required external markings;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specify delivery urgency;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid leaving specimens at an uncontrolled collection point;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record the tracking number.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dangerous or regulated biological materials may require specialized transport arrangements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Routine parcel services should not be used when the package falls under a controlled biological-risk category.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>20. Chain of Custody and Handover<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clear handover record supports traceability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package number;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample codes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of containers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packing time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person releasing the package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courier or transporter;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dispatch time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estimated arrival;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person receiving the package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receipt time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package condition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The receiver should confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of specimens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seal integrity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Match between samples and documents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>21. Laboratory Receipt Assessment<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On arrival, the laboratory may evaluate:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package integrity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labels;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample volume;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clotting;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submission-form completeness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laboratory may:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accept the specimen;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accept it with a qualification note;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limit the tests performed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Request clarification;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommend resampling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reject the specimen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The submitting unit should not hide temperature excursions, leakage, or delays. These details are necessary for correct interpretation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>22. Warning Signs of Compromised Samples<\/b><\/h1>\n<h1><b>Blood specimens<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warning signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visible clotting in anticoagulated blood;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severe hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal colour;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broken tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underfilled tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frozen whole blood intended for hematology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Serum or plasma<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warning signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heavy hemolysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive turbidity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contamination;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated freeze-thaw exposure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unclear separation time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Tissue<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warning signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong decomposition odour;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue breakdown;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unclear organ identification;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact with formalin when fresh testing is intended.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Swabs<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warning signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry swab when medium was required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leaking tube;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Missing collection site;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive delay.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Packaging<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warning signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outer box no longer cool;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melted ice flooding the package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broken primary containers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wet labels;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Damaged submission form;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Missing sample codes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These signs do not automatically mean the sample cannot be tested. The receiving laboratory should make the suitability decision.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>23. Common Preservation Errors<\/b><\/h1>\n<h1><b>Keeping samples at room temperature too long<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Decomposition, microbial overgrowth, or analyte degradation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prepare the preservation system before collection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Freezing every specimen<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cell damage and reduced live-agent isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Confirm whether the sample requires chilling, freezing, fixation, or another medium.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Using insufficient cooling materials<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Temperature increases before arrival.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Calculate for the full journey and possible delay.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Letting tubes contact ice directly<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Freezing, label damage, or tube breakage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Use secondary packaging and separators.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Using the wrong transport medium<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The target organism or test material may deteriorate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Obtain laboratory instructions before sampling.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Failing to separate serum promptly<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hemolysis and altered analytical values.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Follow tube- and test-specific processing instructions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Repeated freezing and thawing<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Degradation of genetic material, proteins, and antigens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Divide specimens into aliquots.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Mixing fixed and fresh tissue<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Formalin contamination makes fresh tests unsuitable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Use separate sealed containers and secondary bags.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Loose tubes inside the cooler<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Collision, breakage, and leakage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Use racks and shock-absorbing material.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Incomplete labels<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><b>Risk:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Results cannot be linked to the correct animal or specimen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Label every primary container before transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>24. Preservation and Transport SOP<\/b><\/h1>\n<h1><b>Step 1: Confirm requirements<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact the receiving laboratory and confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specimen;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holding time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packaging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 2: Prepare materials<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tubes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Containers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Media;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labels;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absorbent material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondary bags;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cooler;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold packs or dry ice;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submission forms;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature monitor where applicable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 3: Stabilize specimens<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complete the required immediate handling:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anticoagulant mixing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serum separation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Swab insertion into medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tissue fixation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fresh-tissue chilling;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Container closure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 4: Record specimen condition<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial appearance;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage start time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any hemolysis, leakage, or other concern.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 5: Complete primary and secondary packaging<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check caps;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apply labels;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Add absorbent material;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate specimens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seal secondary packaging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 6: Prepare the outer package<\/b><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Add cold packs or dry ice where required;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevent direct contact;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Add cushioning;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protect documents;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close the box securely.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 7: Notify the laboratory<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide dispatch and arrival information.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Step 8: Transport without unnecessary delay<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sunlight;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hot vehicles;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated opening;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uncontrolled storage stops;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive vibration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>Step 9: Complete handover<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delivery time;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Receiver;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>25. Pre-Shipment Checklist<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19599\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19599\" style=\"width: 1226px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19599\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-473079609-640x640-1.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory worker completing a veterinary sample submission form before shipment\" width=\"1236\" height=\"695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-473079609-640x640-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-473079609-640x640-1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1236px) 100vw, 1236px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19599\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before shipment, sample labels, packaging, preservation conditions and submission documents should be checked against the specimen list.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>Sample condition<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct sample type;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct container;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufficient volume;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cap secure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No visible leakage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample condition recorded;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct transport medium used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Identification<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every primary container labelled;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal or batch code included;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample type included;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection date and time included;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Codes match the submission form.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Packaging<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary containers intact;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absorbent material included;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondary packaging sealed;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tubes separated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outer box rigid and secure;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cooling materials sufficient;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct ice contact prevented.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Documentation<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submission form complete;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical history included;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicines and vaccines recorded;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tests requested clearly;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample list matches package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documents placed in a waterproof bag.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Transport<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory notified;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrival time estimated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courier accepts the package;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold-chain instructions communicated;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact person available;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tracking information recorded.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>26. Laboratory Handover Checklist<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At delivery, confirm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct laboratory;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correct number of specimens;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sample codes match;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package seal condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leakage status;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature condition;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dispatch and receipt times;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documents received;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any delay or temperature excursion disclosed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>27. Sample Preservation Record Template<\/b><\/h1>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Sample code<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Specimen type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Collection time<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Storage start time<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Preservation method<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Dispatch time<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Receipt time<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Condition on handover<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional fields may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tube or medium;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial temperature;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temperature logger number;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freeze-thaw count;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Package number;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courier;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quality concern;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laboratory acceptance status.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><b>28. Frequently Asked Questions<\/b><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19601\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19601\" style=\"width: 1001px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19601\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-488214830-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinary diagnostic sample tubes arranged in cold-storage racks\" width=\"1011\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-488214830-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/istockphoto-488214830-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19601\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veterinary sample preservation requirements vary by specimen type, testing method, holding time and receiving laboratory instructions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>At what temperature should veterinary samples be stored?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no single temperature for all samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many short-term specimens may require chilled conditions, while selected samples may require freezing, fixation, or another preservation method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follow the receiving laboratory\u2019s instructions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Is 2\u20138\u00b0C suitable for every veterinary specimen?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. It is a common reference range for selected chilled samples, but it is not universal.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can whole blood be frozen?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whole blood intended for hematology generally should not be frozen because freezing damages blood cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can serum be frozen?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separated serum may be frozen for longer storage when the intended test and laboratory procedure permit it.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can fresh tissue be frozen?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It depends on the test. Do not freeze tissue intended for live bacterial or viral isolation without laboratory confirmation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>How long can samples remain refrigerated?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The acceptable period depends on the sample, test, container, agent, and laboratory. General references such as 24\u201348 hours should not be applied automatically.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can formalin-fixed tissue be used for bacterial culture?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally not for routine culture. Fresh tissue should be collected separately.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Should swabs be transported dry?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only when the laboratory specifically accepts dry swabs. Many tests require a suitable transport medium.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can samples be sent with ordinary ice?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cooling arrangements should prevent leakage, contamination, and direct tube contact. Cold packs are often easier to control than loose melting ice.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can a delayed sample still be tested?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possibly. The laboratory should assess the specimen based on the delay, temperature, test, and actual condition.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Should samples be thawed before transport?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not unless instructed. A specimen required to remain frozen should be transported under appropriate frozen conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Can samples be frozen and thawed several times?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided. Use aliquots where appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>What should be done when the cold chain is lost?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record the duration and suspected temperature excursion, inform the laboratory, and allow the laboratory to decide whether testing or resampling is appropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>What should be done when African swine fever or avian influenza is suspected?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restrict unnecessary movement and contact the competent veterinary authority or designated laboratory before packaging or transporting specimens.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><b>Strengthen Veterinary Sample Preservation and Transport at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reliable diagnostic results depend on maintaining specimen quality between the farm and the laboratory. Appropriate tubes, transport media, cold-chain equipment, leak-resistant packaging, temperature monitoring, accurate identification, and complete handover records all help reduce the risk of damaged or untraceable samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, veterinarians, livestock producers, laboratories, animal-health businesses, and technology providers can explore solutions supporting diagnostic-specimen preservation and transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visitors can:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Explore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refrigerated transport boxes, cold packs, temperature-monitoring devices, and specialized specimen containers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Discover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> transport media, leak-resistant packaging, absorbent materials, and field biosafety equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Review<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> animal-identification and sample-traceability systems linking specimens to herd, flock, clinical, and laboratory records.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Connect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with diagnostic laboratories, animal-health companies, cold-chain providers, and technology suppliers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Learn<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about digital tools for recording collection time, storage conditions, dispatch status, and laboratory receipt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Discuss<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> practical solutions for maintaining sample quality during long-distance transport and disease-surveillance activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expected to feature more than <\/span><b>300 brands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, over <\/span><b>10,000 sqm of exhibition space<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>13,000 trade visitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from more than <\/span><b>40 countries and territories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, VIETSTOCK 2026 creates opportunities for industry stakeholders to improve diagnostic logistics and build professional connections across the livestock and animal-health value chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alongside the exhibition and business networking activities, VIETSTOCK 2026 will also organize an On-Farm Seminar Series, bringing practical knowledge on herd and flock management, disease prevention, biosecurity, and livestock production efficiency to key farming provinces.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center \u2013 SECC, 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Tan My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Event website:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><b>Register to visit VIETSTOCK 2026 and explore veterinary cold-chain, sample-packaging, temperature-monitoring, and traceability solutions:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><b>Learn more about the VIETSTOCK 2026 On-Farm Seminar Series:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-livestock-roadshows-bringing-industry-knowledge-to-key-livestock-regions\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/event-features\/vietstock-2026-livestock-roadshows-bringing-industry-knowledge-to-key-livestock-regions\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>CONTACT INFORMATION:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Veterinary sample preservation begins immediately after collection. This guide explains how to manage storage temperature, holding time, cold-chain conditions, packaging and transport for blood, serum, swabs, tissues and other diagnostic specimens.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":19606,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Veterinary Sample Preservation: Storage &amp; Transport Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn veterinary sample preservation practices, including storage temperature, holding time, cold-chain control, triple packaging and specimen transport.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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