{"id":18808,"date":"2026-06-25T09:08:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T02:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/?p=18808"},"modified":"2026-06-23T13:43:28","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T06:43:28","slug":"avian-aspergillosis-in-poultry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/industry-news\/avian-aspergillosis-in-poultry\/","title":{"rendered":"Avian Aspergillosis in Chickens and Other Poultry: Signs, Causes, and Prevention Measures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avian aspergillosis, often referred to as fungal pneumonia in poultry, is an important respiratory disease in poultry production. It can cause significant losses, especially in chicks and during the brooding stage when environmental conditions are unfavorable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is currently no specific vaccine widely used to prevent aspergillosis in poultry. Once the disease breaks out in a flock, treatment options are often limited, especially in chicks during severe outbreaks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What makes aspergillosis more concerning is that the disease often develops silently. Early signs can easily be mistaken for common respiratory diseases, and the source of infection may come from inside the farm itself: damp litter, moldy feed, or incubators that are not disinfected properly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article provides a comprehensive practical overview of avian aspergillosis, including early warning signs, causes and transmission routes, and specific prevention procedures for different stages of farm management.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Quick Summary<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avian aspergillosis is mainly caused by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and several related species. It spreads primarily when birds inhale fungal spores from the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks in the first few weeks after hatching are the most vulnerable group, especially when exposed to high levels of fungal spores from incubators, litter, or the brooding environment. Common signs include difficulty breathing, open-mouth breathing, neck stretching, lethargy, and no clear improvement when handled only as a bacterial respiratory disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common sources of infection in poultry production include incubators that are not disinfected properly, damp or moldy litter, and feed that is not stored correctly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevention is the most effective and practical approach, focusing on environmental control, incubator hygiene, and litter management before a new flock is introduced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When an outbreak is suspected, farmers should not treat the flock on their own. They should immediately improve the environment, isolate weak birds, and contact a veterinarian to identify the cause and receive guidance on an appropriate response.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>What Is Avian Aspergillosis? Is It the Same as Aspergillosis in Chickens?<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 990px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/benh-nam-phoi-o-gia-cam-2.jpg\" alt=\"What to Do When an Avian Aspergillosis Outbreak Is Suspected\" width=\"1000\" height=\"938\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chicks affected by avian aspergillosis may become lethargic, eat less, breathe with difficulty, and separate from the flock, especially during the first weeks after hatching.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avian aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the genus <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When it occurs in chickens, farmers often refer to it as fungal pneumonia in chickens or aspergillosis in chickens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In veterinary contexts, the disease is referred to as aspergillosis, an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-related fungal infection. It is caused by species of the genus <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> being the main and most common causative agent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> does not usually spread directly from one bird to another in the same way as viruses or bacteria. Instead, poultry become infected when they inhale high concentrations of fungal spores from their living environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When spores enter the lungs and air sacs, they may germinate into fungal hyphae, causing inflammation, forming fungal granulomas, and damaging respiratory tissues. In young birds or birds with weakened immunity, this process may progress quickly and, in many cases, lead to death before farmers recognize the problem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disease has been recorded in many poultry species, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, quails, and ornamental birds. However, in the context of commercial poultry production in Vietnam, chickens are the most commonly reported, and chicks in hatcheries or brooding farms are the group most severely affected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillosis is generally divided into two main clinical forms:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Acute form:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Occurs mainly in chicks and young birds. It progresses quickly over several days to one week, and mortality may be high depending on the level of infection and management conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chronic form:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Seen in adult chickens. The disease progresses slowly, signs are less obvious, and it can have long-term effects on flock productivity and immune resilience.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Causes and Transmission Routes of Avian Aspergillosis in Poultry<\/h2>\n<h3><b><i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i><\/b><b> and Related Species<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the main causative agent and accounts for a large proportion of aspergillosis cases in poultry. Other species such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A. flavus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A. niger<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A. terreus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may also cause disease, but they are less common.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several characteristics make <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A. fumigatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> particularly important in poultry production environments:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It reproduces through extremely small spores, around 2\u20133 micrometers, which can easily remain suspended in the air and enter deep into the lungs when birds inhale.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spores can persist in the environment, especially when disinfection procedures do not use the appropriate chemicals, concentrations, and recommended contact time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It grows rapidly in warm and humid conditions, especially on organic materials such as straw, sawdust, feed, and manure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Transmission Routes: Airborne Spores, Incubators, Contaminated Eggs, Moldy Feed, and Litter<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poultry do not usually transmit the disease directly from sick birds to healthy birds through ordinary contact. The main source of infection is an environment contaminated with fungal spores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common transmission routes in poultry production include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Incubators and hatchers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These are among the most important sources of infection for chicks. Dirty eggshells, manure, down feathers, and dead chicks inside incubators can create conditions for fungal growth. Spores can spread within the incubation chamber, and chicks may inhale them immediately after hatching or during the first hours of life.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Damp and moldy litter:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sawdust, straw, or rice husk that is poorly stored or becomes wet during production provides favorable conditions for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to grow and continuously release spores.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Moldy feed:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Compound feed, corn, and soybean meal stored under high humidity may become contaminated with fungi. When birds eat or scratch at contaminated feed, spores may become airborne around the housing area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Contaminated eggs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hatching eggs with shells contaminated by manure or soil may carry fungal spores into incubators, from where they may spread throughout the batch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Untreated organic waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wet, clumped manure and carcasses that are not removed promptly can become sources of fungal growth inside the house.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Favorable Conditions for Fungal Spore Growth and Disease Development<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spores are present in many environments. Disease usually breaks out only when several favorable conditions occur together:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged high humidity in the poultry house, feed storage area, or litter storage area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor ventilation and stagnant air, which increase spore concentration inside the house.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High stocking density, which increases moisture and reduces air quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weakened flock immunity: newly hatched chicks, birds under heat stress, malnourished birds, or birds recovering from another disease are more susceptible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor hygiene before introducing a new flock, especially when the old house has not been thoroughly cleaned.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Signs of Avian Aspergillosis in Chickens by Age Group<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18788\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18788\" style=\"width: 966px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1347621060-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Chicken showing visible lesions around the eyes and face\" width=\"976\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1347621060-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1347621060-612x612-1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 976px) 100vw, 976px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18788\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Signs of aspergillosis vary by age. In older chickens, the disease may progress slowly and can be mistaken for other respiratory conditions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Signs in Newly Hatched Chicks and Brooding Chicks Aged 1\u20133 Weeks<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the stage when the disease is most obvious and often causes the most severe losses. Signs often appear from day 3 to day 7 after hatching or after chicks are introduced into the brooding farm:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clear respiratory distress: chicks breathe with open mouths and stretch their necks forward to breathe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wheezing or a slight whistling sound may be heard when birds are observed closely.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed intake or refusal to eat; huddling and separating from the flock.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruffled feathers, half-closed eyes, and slow responses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks often do not improve if handled only as a bacterial respiratory disease. However, this is only a suggestive sign and does not replace veterinary diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mortality may increase within a few days, often concentrated in the first week.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A characteristic point in this age group is that chicks may die without obvious diarrhea or digestive lesions, with signs mainly concentrated in the respiratory system.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Signs in Growing Broilers<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In chickens over 3 weeks old, the disease often progresses more slowly and is more difficult to recognize:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rapid breathing and increased respiratory rate, but without continuous open-mouth breathing as commonly seen in chicks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced weight gain and uneven flock development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some birds appear lethargic and cannot keep up with the flock when moving.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced feed and water intake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sporadic mortality, rather than a clear acute outbreak.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Signs in Laying Hens and Long-Cycle Flocks<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In adult chickens, chronic aspergillosis may affect the nervous system if the fungus invades the brain, or it may appear through:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged reduction in egg production without a clear cause.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neurological signs in some birds, such as staggering, loss of balance, or twisted neck. These signs often appear when the disease is already severe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gradual weight loss even when birds appear to eat normally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eye inflammation or blindness in one eye in some cases where the fungus spreads to the eye socket.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Typical Lesions of Avian Aspergillosis During Necropsy<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18790\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18790\" style=\"width: 1069px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18790\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1319638085-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian examining a chicken for suspected avian aspergillosis\" width=\"1079\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1319638085-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1319638085-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18790\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A clinical examination can help assess respiratory distress, but confirming avian aspergillosis usually requires necropsy findings and laboratory testing.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When dead chickens suspected of aspergillosis are examined, a veterinarian or trained technician may observe the following lesions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lungs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> White-gray to pale-yellow nodules or plaques that are firm and resemble small tumors. These are fungal granulomas and may be scattered on the surface and within the lung tissue. Their number and size may increase as the disease becomes more severe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Air sacs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The air sacs may appear cloudy and thickened. Gray-green or white fungal plaques may be seen on the air sac surface. This is a characteristic lesion of aspergillosis in poultry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Liver and spleen:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fungal nodules may appear in internal organs when the disease has spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Brain:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the neurological form, fungal granulomatous lesions may be seen in the brain or meninges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air sac lesions are an important distinguishing feature compared with many other respiratory diseases. If necropsy shows cloudy air sacs with visible fungal plaques, aspergillosis is highly suspected, although laboratory testing is still needed for confirmation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Differentiating Avian Aspergillosis from Other Respiratory Diseases<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many respiratory diseases in chickens have similar external signs, which can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The table below summarizes key distinguishing points.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><b>Criteria<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><b>Aspergillosis \/ Fungal Pneumonia<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><b>CRD<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><b>IB<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><b>Newcastle Disease<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Causative agent<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spp., most commonly <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A. fumigatus<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newcastle disease virus<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Main transmission route<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mainly inhalation of fungal spores from the environment, litter, moldy feed, or contaminated incubators<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Horizontal spread through the respiratory route and vertical transmission through eggs<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rapid spread through the respiratory route, secretions, equipment, and contaminated environments<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very rapid spread through secretions, feces, equipment, people, and vehicles<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Groups most severely affected<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks in the first few weeks after hatching, especially under high spore exposure<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All ages, often more severe under poor conditions or mixed infections<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks and broilers may be clearly affected<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All ages<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory signs<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difficulty breathing, open-mouth breathing, neck stretching, labored breathing; often little nasal discharge<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wheezing, nasal discharge, facial swelling, sinusitis<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coughing, sneezing, wheezing; may include reduced growth or lower egg production<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difficulty breathing, coughing, diarrhea, neurological signs, or rapid death depending on virus virulence<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Response to antibiotics<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Usually no improvement with antibiotics if the primary cause is fungal<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May improve when the right medicine is used based on diagnosis and veterinary guidance<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics do not kill viruses; they are used only as supportive treatment for secondary infections under veterinary guidance<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No effect on the virus; requires handling according to veterinary guidance and disease control regulations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Characteristic lesions<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White or yellow fungal nodules in the lungs and air sacs; sometimes gray-green fungal plaques<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Airsacculitis, sinusitis, inflammatory respiratory discharge<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tracheitis and bronchitis; some strains may cause kidney or reproductive lesions<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemorrhages in the digestive tract and trachea; neurological lesions may occur depending on disease form<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirmatory tests<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Necropsy, microscopy, fungal culture, or specialized laboratory tests<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PCR\/ELISA or Mycoplasma testing as indicated<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RT-PCR for IBV detection<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HI test, RT-PCR, or testing according to veterinary guidance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preventive vaccine<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No widely used vaccine for aspergillosis prevention in commercial poultry production<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccines may be used in some programs depending on region and regulations<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccines are available for IB<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.99%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccines are available for Newcastle disease<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some signs at farm level may suggest aspergillosis: birds do not respond to antibiotics, cases appear sporadically among chicks, there is no clear rapid epidemic-like spread, and the housing environment is damp or feed has a moldy smell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, this combination of signs is only suggestive and cannot replace diagnostic testing. A confirmed diagnosis should be based on testing by an authorized veterinary body or qualified laboratory.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Farm Management Mistakes That Increase Avian Aspergillosis Risk<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18792\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18792\" style=\"width: 1099px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18792\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1497015359-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Poultry farmer holding and examining a chicken inside a poultry house\" width=\"1109\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1497015359-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1497015359-612x612-1-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1109px) 100vw, 1109px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18792\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reusing old litter, poor ventilation, moldy feed, and inadequate hatchery sanitation can all increase the risk of an aspergillosis outbreak.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on practical experience, many aspergillosis outbreaks in chicken farms may be linked to one or more management mistakes. Recognizing these points helps farmers prevent problems before losses occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Reusing Old Litter Without Proper Treatment<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a common mistake in smallholder and medium-scale farms. Litter from a previous flock accumulates moisture, fungal spores, and harmful microorganisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If farmers only turn the surface or add a new layer on top without fully replacing the litter and disinfecting the floor, the next flock is immediately exposed to a high spore load.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>2. Not Disinfecting Incubators Between Hatching Batches<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If fumigation is used, it should only be carried out using methods and chemicals permitted under current regulations, the procedures of a qualified facility, and veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treatment area must ensure occupational safety, with full protective equipment, and no people, poultry, or commercial eggs present during treatment. Farmers should not use formaldehyde or fumigation chemicals on their own unless they have been trained and have checked legal and safety requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clean batch of eggs placed into an incubator that has not been cleaned properly may produce chicks that have already been exposed to fungal spores from the moment they hatch.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>3. Improper Feed Storage<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compound feed, whole corn, and soybean meal stored in damp areas, without proper roof cover, or in bags that are not tightly sealed can easily become moldy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some farmers still use feed with a slight moldy smell because they believe it does not matter much. In reality, this can introduce additional spores into the poultry house and increase the risk of aspergillosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>4. Poor Ventilation, Closed Housing, and Excessive Stocking Density<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poorly ventilated housing allows humidity to build up, especially during the rainy season or cold weather when farmers close the house tightly to keep chicks warm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive stocking density produces more moisture and waste gases, creating favorable conditions for fungi to grow on litter and leftover feed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>5. Introducing Chicks from Hatcheries Without Quality Control<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks that have been exposed to spores in the hatchery but do not yet show symptoms may be introduced into the brooding farm. Under warm and humid brooding conditions, disease may break out after a few days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers often do not suspect the hatchery as the source and instead look only for causes inside their own poultry house.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>6. Skipping House Preparation Before Introducing a New Flock<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some farms understand cleaning as sweeping and spraying water, but they miss the step of disinfecting with an appropriate chemical at the correct dose and contact time. Fungal spores on walls, floors, and equipment are not killed by ordinary water and soap alone.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>How Does Avian Aspergillosis Cause Economic Losses?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Losses from aspergillosis do not stop at the number of dead birds. The actual economic impact includes several aspects:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Direct mortality:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In severely infected chick batches, mortality during the first 2\u20133 weeks may reach concerning levels, depending on the infection level, breed, and management conditions of each farm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reduced weight gain in surviving birds:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Birds with mild or chronic infection may survive but grow slowly, consume more feed, and reach market weight later than planned.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reduced egg production:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Laying flocks with chronic aspergillosis may experience prolonged egg production declines even without clear disease signs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Treatment and management costs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Antifungal medicines, if used under veterinary guidance, may be costly. Additional costs may include emergency cleaning and disinfection, litter replacement, and flock inspection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Losses from early culling:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Birds that do not develop evenly may need to be culled or sold at a low price, reducing the average value of the entire batch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Risk of recurrence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If the fungal source in the environment is not thoroughly controlled, the disease may recur in the next flock, creating repeated losses.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together, these factors may increase the risk of an unprofitable production cycle or significantly reduce profit margins, especially in chick and broiler systems where margins are already thin. The specific impact depends on each farm\u2019s conditions and market prices at the time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Prevention Procedures for Avian Aspergillosis in Incubators and During the Chick Stage<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18794\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18794\" style=\"width: 823px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18794\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2248706242-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Newly hatched chicks and eggs inside a poultry incubator\" width=\"833\" height=\"555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2248706242-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2248706242-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleaning and disinfecting incubators, hatchers, and trays between batches helps reduce chick exposure to airborne Aspergillus spores.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Cleaning and Disinfecting Incubators, Hatchers, and Trays<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incubators are a key control point in preventing aspergillosis in chicks. The following procedures should be completed between hatching batches:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remove all eggshells, down feathers, dead chicks, and organic dirt manually and mechanically before using chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wash all internal surfaces of incubators, hatching trays, setter trays, and air circulation components with water and a cleaning solution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disinfect using chemicals approved for use in hatchery facilities, following the manufacturer\u2019s recommended concentration and contact time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If fumigation is used, it should only be carried out with legally permitted methods, such as formaldehyde fumigation where allowed, or approved alternatives, under qualified technical or veterinary guidance and with full safety precautions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow the machine to dry completely before placing the next batch of eggs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hatchery facilities should maintain disinfection logs to track cleaning history and identify problematic batches early.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Handling Hatching Eggs Before Incubation<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accept eggs only from breeder flocks with controlled health status and clear production history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean eggshells contaminated with manure or soil using an appropriate method. Dry wiping is preferred. Washing with water should be avoided if proper equipment is not available, because incorrect washing may allow microorganisms to enter through shell pores.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disinfect the egg surface before placing eggs into the incubator, according to technical guidance from the breeding supplier or veterinarian.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not use heavily soiled eggs, cracked eggs, or eggs stored for too long under humid conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Managing the Brooding Farm to Limit Fungal Spores from Day One<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The brooding house should be cleaned, disinfected, and completely dried before chicks are introduced. The empty-house period should follow the farm\u2019s biosecurity procedure, veterinary guidance, and actual conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Litter used for chicks must be clean, dry, new, or properly heat-treated\/disinfected. Do not use litter from the previous flock.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before introducing chicks, check that the floor, litter, and ventilation are dry and suitable. Avoid placing chicks in a damp, poorly ventilated house or one with a moldy smell, as moisture and poor ventilation allow <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to grow and release spores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not introduce chicks into a house that has a moldy smell or still-damp litter.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Preventing Avian Aspergillosis Inside Poultry Houses<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18796\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18796\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18796\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-595330180-612x612-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinary worker examining a chicken inside a poultry housing facility\" width=\"920\" height=\"613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-595330180-612x612-1-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-595330180-612x612-1-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18796\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maintaining ventilation, controlling humidity, and promptly replacing wet or moldy litter help reduce fungal spore levels inside poultry houses.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Controlling Humidity and Ventilation<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure the ventilation system runs continuously and has sufficient capacity for the stocking density. Air exchange rates should be designed according to the growth stage and housing type, such as open-sided or closed housing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid fully closing the house during the rainy season or cold weather. If chicks need warmth, prioritize localized heat sources such as brooder lamps or brooder guards instead of closing the entire house.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check and clean ventilation fans and curtains regularly to ensure even air circulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repair roof leaks and water seepage on walls immediately, as these create localized damp spots on litter and walls \u2014 favorable conditions for fungal growth.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Litter and Bedding Management<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check litter condition daily, especially around drinkers, where wet spots are most common.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Turn or loosen litter regularly to reduce moisture buildup and help the surface dry evenly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replace wet, clumped, or moldy litter immediately instead of waiting until the end of the production cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the end of each cycle, all old litter must be removed from the house and should not be reused unless it has been properly treated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Backup litter storage areas must be dry, well ventilated, and roofed. Do not accept bedding materials that are damp or have a moldy smell.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Feed and Water Control to Prevent Mold Sources<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check feed visually and by smell each time it is distributed: color should be even, with no clumping, sour smell, or moldy odor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed storage must be well ventilated, with no direct contact with the ground. Feed bags should be placed on pallets at least 10\u201315 cm above the floor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not leave leftover feed in troughs overnight under humid conditions, because damp feed can allow fungi to grow very quickly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean feeders and drinkers regularly to avoid the buildup of wet residues inside the equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not use expired feed or feed that has been stored improperly, even if mold is not clearly visible to the naked eye.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Adjusting Stocking Density and Reducing Flock Stress<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follow the recommended stocking density for each chicken breed and housing type. Overcrowding not only increases humidity but also reduces flock resistance due to chronic stress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid unnecessary stress factors such as sudden flock movement, abrupt feed changes, loud noise, and irregular lighting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure adequate nutrition, including vitamin A, vitamin D, and trace minerals, to maintain the respiratory mucosal barrier \u2014 the first biological defense layer against fungal spores.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Avian Aspergillosis Biosecurity Checklist for Poultry Farms<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18798\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18798\" style=\"width: 974px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18798\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1372075148-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Avian aspergillosis biosecurity checklist for a poultry farm\" width=\"984\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1372075148-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1372075148-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18798\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A routine biosecurity checklist helps farms monitor litter condition, ventilation, feed storage, housing hygiene, and abnormal respiratory signs in the flock.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The checklist below helps farmers quickly assess farm readiness before each new flock and during daily operation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Before Introducing a New Flock<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All litter from the previous flock has been fully removed from the house.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Floors, walls, ceilings, and equipment have been cleaned and disinfected with appropriate chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The house has been cleaned, disinfected, and completely dried before the new flock is introduced. The empty-house period should follow the farm\u2019s biosecurity procedure and veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New litter material has been checked: dry, not moldy, and free from unusual odors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ventilation system has been checked and is working properly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The feed storage area has been checked: feed is not moldy, not expired, and properly stored.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chick source is confirmed to come from a hatchery with hygiene control.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>During Production<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Litter is checked daily, and wet or moldy areas are replaced immediately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">House humidity is monitored to avoid prolonged dampness in the floor, litter, and air.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventilation fans run continuously and at sufficient capacity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed is distributed in the right amount, with no leftovers kept overnight under humid conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feeders and drinkers are cleaned regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weak birds, birds with breathing difficulty, or birds separating from the flock are detected and monitored separately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dead birds are collected and handled on the same day and are not left inside the house.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Periodically<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The entire roofing, wall, and floor system is checked to detect leaks or damp areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stocking density is reviewed and adjusted if needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flock health, mortality rate, and respiratory abnormalities are recorded to detect trends early.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What to Do When an Avian Aspergillosis Outbreak Is Suspected<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18800\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18800\" style=\"width: 921px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2234802887-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian wearing a face mask while examining a chicken with suspected respiratory signs\" width=\"931\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2234802887-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-2234802887-612x612-1-300x181.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 931px) 100vw, 931px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18800\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">When birds show open-mouth breathing, lethargy, or no improvement after initial handling, affected birds should be isolated and veterinary advice should be sought.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Isolate and Monitor Birds Showing Abnormal Signs<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As soon as some birds show difficulty breathing, open-mouth breathing, lethargy, or no response to the current antibiotic treatment, the first steps are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immediately isolate affected birds in a separate area to reduce spore pressure if sick birds are scratching the litter and further spreading fungal material inside the house.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Observe the number of birds showing signs each day, record the spread rate, and monitor daily mortality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retain severely sick birds or freshly dead birds for possible laboratory testing, and collect or submit samples only under veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Improve the Housing Environment Immediately<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While waiting for veterinary support, farmers can reduce the spore load inside the house by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase ventilation as much as possible while maintaining an appropriate brooding temperature, even in cold weather. Reducing airborne spore concentration should be prioritized over keeping the house warm by closing it tightly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immediately replacing damp or moldy litter, even if the entire litter layer needs to be replaced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stopping the use of any feed suspected of being moldy and switching to a new batch that has been checked.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limiting activities that stir up litter dust, such as aggressive litter turning or moving the flock, until ventilation has been improved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>When to Contact a Veterinarian or Send Samples for Testing<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers should not treat the flock without a confirmed diagnosis. Contact a veterinarian immediately in the following situations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birds die sporadically and mortality increases over 2\u20133 consecutive days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The flock does not improve after 48\u201372 hours of monitoring or after initial handling under veterinary guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many birds show respiratory distress at the same time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks under 3 weeks old have unusually high mortality during the first week after introduction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A veterinarian may guide sample collection for fungal culture, microscopy, or histopathology. Laboratory results are the basis for selecting an appropriate response and avoiding wasted costs from incorrect treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Overview of Treatment and Support for Chickens with Aspergillosis<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treating aspergillosis in poultry is complex and should be carried out under the supervision of a qualified veterinarian. Farmers should understand the following general points:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In current practice, antifungal medicines suitable for mass treatment of commercial poultry flocks are limited and are not widely used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antifungal medicines such as itraconazole or amphotericin B are more commonly used in pet or individual animal treatment, and they are often less practical in terms of cost and technique for commercial poultry flocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers should check the current list of approved veterinary medicines and consult a veterinarian for the most updated information.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For commercial flocks experiencing an outbreak, veterinary priorities usually include environmental control, culling severely affected birds, and protecting the healthy portion of the flock, rather than trying to cure all severely infected birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supporting the flock with electrolytes, vitamins A and C, and improved ventilation may help birds maintain better resistance, but these measures do not replace specific treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not use antifungal medicines without diagnosis and veterinary guidance. Using the wrong product or dose may be ineffective and may also cause toxicity or residues in animal products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In practical poultry production, proper prevention is usually far more effective and economical than responding after aspergillosis has already broken out.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Illustrative Scenario: Aspergillosis Outbreak in a Brooding Farm Due to Insufficient Hatchery Disinfection \u2014 Progression, Losses, and Lessons Learned<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following scenario is a composite illustrative example that reflects common developments in small- and medium-scale chick farms in Vietnam. It is not an officially published disease case.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Background<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A chick farm with about 5,000 birds per batch in Dong Nai imported one-day-old chicks from a medium-scale commercial hatchery. The hatchery had a continuous production schedule and performed surface-level cleaning of incubators between batches, but skipped fumigation to shorten the waiting time between hatching batches.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Disease Progression<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From day 4 to day 5 after arrival, some chicks began showing mild breathing difficulty and separation from the flock. The farm owner treated them with antibiotics according to a common respiratory disease protocol. After three days without improvement, the number of symptomatic chicks increased.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By day 10, cumulative mortality had reached a concerning level, concentrated among the weakest chicks in the batch.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Identifying the Cause<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A veterinarian was called in. During necropsy of dead chicks, typical white fungal granulomas were observed in the lungs, and the air sacs were cloudy with fungal plaques. Samples were sent for culture and confirmed <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A traceback investigation at the hatchery revealed that down feathers and dirt had accumulated inside the incubator and had not been handled properly between batches.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Losses<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That production batch suffered significant losses due to high mortality during the first two weeks. Surviving chicks grew slowly, the production cycle lasted longer than planned, and veterinary costs and emergency cleaning costs increased significantly compared with a normal batch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All litter had to be replaced early, and the entire house had to be disinfected again before the next flock was introduced.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Lessons Learned<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Checking the chick source, including the hatchery\u2019s incubator hygiene process, is just as important as hygiene inside the farm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The outward appearance of chicks at arrival cannot be used to conclude that the batch is safe, because fungal spores may have already entered but symptoms may not yet be visible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building a working relationship with the chick supplier to discuss and monitor hatchery disinfection procedures is part of farm risk management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early detection from day 4\u20135 and contacting a veterinarian immediately, instead of self-treating for the first three days, may shorten the period of loss.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Frequently Asked Questions About Avian Aspergillosis<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18802\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18802\" style=\"width: 1003px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18802\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1050596764-612x612-1.jpg\" alt=\"Veterinarian using a stethoscope to examine the respiratory condition of a rooster\" width=\"1013\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1050596764-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/istockphoto-1050596764-612x612-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1013px) 100vw, 1013px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18802\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Avian aspergillosis should be differentiated from CRD, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, and other respiratory conditions with similar signs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Does Aspergillosis Spread Directly from One Chicken to Another?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillosis does not spread directly between chickens through contact in the same way as bacterial or viral diseases. However, when many birds in the same flock inhale air with a high concentration of spores, many birds may become infected almost at the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fungi growing from carcasses or waste from sick birds that are not removed promptly may also increase spore levels in the shared housing environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Can Chicks with Aspergillosis Be Fully Cured?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complete recovery in chicks is very limited, especially when the disease has progressed to the stage of fungal granulomas in the lungs and air sacs. Under practical poultry production conditions, antifungal medicines often have difficulty fully eliminating granulomas that have already formed, and they mainly help limit further disease progression.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks have weak resistance, lung damage can progress quickly, and full recovery is often unlikely even when treatment is attempted. Therefore, proper prevention is the top priority for this disease, and veterinary advice should be sought when an outbreak is suspected.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How Can Aspergillosis Be Distinguished from Infectious Respiratory Diseases Such as CRD or IB Before Test Results Are Available?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some signs at farm level may be suggestive: birds often do not respond to antibiotics after 48\u201372 hours of proper treatment, disease does not spread rapidly in a clear epidemic pattern, there is no obvious diarrhea or facial swelling, and the housing environment is damp, litter is moldy, or feed has an unusual odor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Necropsy of dead birds and observation of air sac lesions may provide additional clues. However, these signs are only suggestive, and a confirmed diagnosis requires testing. Treatment decisions should not be based only on clinical observation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Does Damp or Moldy Feed Really Increase the Risk of Aspergillosis in Chickens?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes. Moldy feed can introduce <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spores into poultry housing and increase the risk of aspergillosis. When birds peck at or eat moldy feed, spores may become airborne around the feeder area and be inhaled.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the risk of aspergillosis, moldy feed may contain mycotoxins, which can damage the liver, suppress immunity, and make the flock more susceptible to other diseases. Feed showing signs of mold should not be used, even if only part of the bag appears moldy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Which Stage Should Aspergillosis Prevention Start From?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important control points are the hatchery and the newly hatched chick stage. Many severe aspergillosis cases in chicks are associated with spore contamination in the hatchery or early brooding stage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If chicks have already been exposed to spores from the hatchery, on-farm measures can only reduce losses and cannot completely prevent disease. At the same time, maintaining dry litter and mold-free feed throughout production is an essential ongoing prevention measure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>How Does Avian Aspergillosis Cause Economic Losses Compared with Other Respiratory Diseases?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because there is no preventive vaccine and mass treatment is difficult, the costs and losses caused by aspergillosis may be harder to control in some production systems than diseases with proactive prevention tools.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In chicks, a severely infected batch may lose a significant portion of the flock during the first 2\u20133 weeks. Total costs include dead birds, treatment, emergency cleaning, litter replacement, and poor weight gain among survivors. Depending on each farm\u2019s conditions and market prices, this may make a production cycle unprofitable or result in a loss.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>When Must Farmers Call a Veterinarian Instead of Handling the Problem Themselves?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A veterinarian should be contacted immediately when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mortality increases abnormally compared with the farm\u2019s baseline, continues for several days, is concentrated in chicks during the first week after introduction, or is accompanied by difficulty breathing, open-mouth breathing, or separation from the flock.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The flock does not improve after veterinary-guided handling, or respiratory signs continue to increase even after housing conditions have been improved.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many birds show respiratory symptoms at the same time without a clear cause.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicks under 7 days old die in unusual numbers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The farmer cannot identify the cause after checking the environment, feed, and handling history.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buying medicines and treating the flock without a diagnosis not only wastes money but also extends the period of loss due to incorrect treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Environmental Control and Poultry Respiratory Disease Prevention at VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avian aspergillosis in chickens and poultry shows that respiratory disease prevention is not only about veterinary medicines. It begins with controlling the farming environment: incubators, brooding houses, litter, feed, humidity, ventilation, and disinfection procedures. Because fungal spores can arise from damp or moldy areas inside the farm itself, farmers and businesses need a more proactive approach to environmental management, biosecurity, and risk control.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a specialized connection platform for livestock farmers, farm owners, veterinarians, and businesses providing housing equipment, ventilation systems, humidity control solutions, litter treatment, feed storage solutions, disinfection, and biosecurity solutions. <\/span><b>The event<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is expected to bring together more than 300 brands, over 10,000 m\u00b2 of exhibition area, and 13,000 trade visitors from more than 40 countries and territories, creating opportunities for the livestock community to access practical solutions for disease prevention and farm operation optimization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For avian aspergillosis, prevention starts at the points where fungal spores can build up inside the production system: hatcheries, brooding houses, litter, feed storage, humidity, and ventilation. <\/span><b>The Vietnam Pavilion at VIETSTOCK 2026 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gives Vietnamese companies a focused channel to present hatchery equipment, disinfection solutions, humidity control, litter treatment, feed storage systems, poultry ventilation, biological products, and biosecurity solutions that help farms reduce aspergillosis risks from the earliest stage of production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>With support from the Department of Animal Health and Production<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, companies participating in the Vietnam Pavilion may benefit from <\/span><b>preferential participation support of up to 45%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This creates a practical opportunity for local suppliers to connect with farm owners, hatchery operators, veterinarians, distributors, and partners seeking solutions to control mold, reduce airborne spore pressure, and limit losses during the chick and brooding stages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At <\/span><b>VIETSTOCK 2026<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, attendees can:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Explore <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solutions for ventilation, humidity control, temperature control, and air quality management in poultry housing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Meet <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suppliers of brooding equipment, incubators, disinfection solutions, litter treatment, and mold control solutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Access<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> feed storage, raw material management, and solutions that help reduce the risk of fungal spore spread on farms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Connect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with experts, businesses, and partners across the poultry, animal health, feed, farm equipment, production, and processing value chain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Explore opportunities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to join the Vietnam Pavilion to strengthen brand presence and expand international B2B connections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21\u201323 October 2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Venue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC), 799 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Event website:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a> <b>Visitor registration:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/online-registration-2\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If your business provides solutions in poultry housing equipment, ventilation systems, humidity control, disinfection, litter treatment, feed storage, biological products, or poultry biosecurity, VIETSTOCK 2026 is an opportunity to gain visibility among the professional poultry and livestock industry community, connect directly with potential customers, and expand partnerships across the livestock value chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\ud83d\udc49 <\/span><b>Book a stand at VIETSTOCK 2026 today<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to take advantage of a central location, available participation incentives, and global connection opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Contact:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exhibiting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Sophie Nguyen \u2013 Sophie.nguyen@informa.com<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Visitor Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Phuong \u2013 Phuong.C@informa.com<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Marcom Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ms. Anita Pham \u2013 Anita.pham@informa.com<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A practical guide to avian aspergillosis in chickens and other poultry, covering warning signs, fungal spore sources, typical lesions, prevention, and outbreak response.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":18809,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Avian Aspergillosis in Poultry: Signs, Causes and Prevention<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about avian aspergillosis in poultry, including signs, causes, transmission, typical lesions, prevention, and outbreak response.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vietstock.org\/en\/tin-nganh\/benh-nam-phoi-o-gia-cam\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avian Aspergillosis in 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